NAG Library Routine Document
D01ARF
1 Purpose
D01ARF computes definite and indefinite integrals over a finite range to a specified relative or absolute accuracy, using the method described in
Patterson (1968).
2 Specification
| SUBROUTINE D01ARF ( | A, B, FUN, RELACC, ABSACC, MAXRUL, IPARM, ACC, ANS, N, ALPHA, IFAIL) |
| INTEGER | MAXRUL, IPARM, N, IFAIL |
| double precision | A, B, FUN, RELACC, ABSACC, ACC, ANS, ALPHA(390) |
| EXTERNAL | FUN |
3 Description
D01ARF evaluates definite and indefinite integrals of the form:
using the method described in
Patterson (1968).
3.1 Definite Integrals
In this case D01ARF must be called with
IPARM=0. By linear transformation the integral is changed to
where
and is then approximated by an
n-point quadrature rule
where
wk are the weights and
xk are the abscissae.
The routine uses a family of nine interlacing rules based on the optimal extension of the three-point Gauss rule. These rules use 1, 3, 7, 15, 31, 63, 127, 255 and 511 points and have respective polynomial integrating degrees 1, 5, 11, 23, 47, 95, 191, 383 and 767. Each rule has the property that the next in sequence includes all the points of its predecessor and has the greatest possible increase in integrating degree.
The integration method is based on the successive application of these rules until the absolute value of the difference of two successive results differs by not more than
ABSACC, or relatively by not more than
RELACC. The result of the last rule used is taken as the value of the integral (
ANS), and the absolute difference of the results of the last two rules used is taken as an estimate of the absolute error (
ACC). Due to their interlacing form no integrand evaluations are wasted in passing from one rule to the next.
3.2 Indefinite Integrals
Suppose the value of the integral
is required for a number of sub-intervals
c,d, all of which lie in an interval
a,b.
In this case D01ARF should first be called with the parameter IPARM=1 and the interval set to a,b. The routine then calculates the integral over a,b and the Legendre expansion of the integrand, using the same integrand values. If the routine is subsequently called with IPARM=2 and the interval set to c,d, the integral over c,d is calculated by analytical integration of the Legendre expansion, without further evaluations of the integrand.
For the interval
-1,1 the expansion takes the form
where
Pix is the order
i Legendre polynomial. Assuming that the integral over the full range
-1,1 was evaluated to the required accuracy using an
n-point rule, then the coefficients
are evaluated by that same rule, up to
The accuracy for indefinite integration should be of the same order as that obtained for the definite integral over the full range. The indefinite integrals will be exact when
Fx is a polynomial of degree
≤m.
4 References
Patterson T N L (1968) The Optimum addition of points to quadrature formulae
Math. Comput. 22 847–856
5 Parameters
- 1: A – double precisionInput
On entry: a, the lower limit of integration.
- 2: B – double precisionInput
On entry: b, the upper limit of integration. It is not necessary that a<b.
- 3: FUN – double precision FUNCTION, supplied by the user.External Procedure
FUN must return the value of the integrand
f at a specified point.
The specification of
FUN is:
| double precision FUNCTION FUN ( | X) |
| double precision | X |
- 1: X – double precisionInput
On entry: the point in a,b at which the integrand f must be evaluated.
FUN must be declared as EXTERNAL in the (sub)program from which D01ARF is called. Parameters denoted as
Input must
not be changed by this procedure.
If
IPARM=2,
FUN is not called.
- 4: RELACC – double precisionInput
On entry: the relative accuracy required. If convergence according to absolute accuracy is required,
RELACC should be set to zero (but see also
Section 7). If
RELACC<0.0, its absolute value is used.
If
IPARM=2,
RELACC is not used.
- 5: ABSACC – double precisionInput
On entry: the absolute accuracy required. If convergence according to relative accuracy is required,
ABSACC should be set to zero (but see also
Section 7). If
ABSACC<0.0, its absolute value is used.
If
IPARM=2,
ABSACC is not used.
- 6: MAXRUL – INTEGERInput
On entry: the maximum number of successive rules that may be used.
Constraint:
1≤MAXRUL≤9. If
MAXRUL is outside these limits, the value
9 is assumed.
If
IPARM=2,
MAXRUL is not used.
- 7: IPARM – INTEGERInput
On entry: indicates the task to be performed by the routine.
- IPARM=0
- Only the definite integral over a,b is evaluated.
- IPARM=1
- As well as the definite integral, the expansion of the integrand in Legendre polynomials over a,b is calculated, using the same values of the integrand as used to compute the integral. The expansion coefficients, and some other quantities, are returned in ALPHA for later use in computing indefinite integrals.
- IPARM=2
- ft is integrated analytically over a,b using the previously computed expansion, stored in ALPHA. No further evaluations of the integrand are required. The routine must previously have been called with IPARM=1 and the interval a,b must lie within that specified for the previous call. In this case only the arguments A, B, IPARM, ANS, ALPHA and IFAIL are used.
Constraint:
IPARM=0, 1 or 2.
- 8: ACC – double precisionOutput
On exit: if
IPARM=0 or
1,
ACC contains the absolute value of the difference between the last two successive estimates of the integral. This may be used as a measure of the accuracy actually achieved.
If
IPARM=2,
ACC is not used.
- 9: ANS – double precisionOutput
On exit: the estimated value of the integral.
- 10: N – INTEGEROutput
On exit: when
IPARM=0 or
1,
N contains the number of integrand evaluations used in the calculation of the integral.
If
IPARM=2,
N is not used.
- 11: ALPHA(390) – double precision arrayInput/Output
On entry: if
IPARM=2,
ALPHA must contain the coefficients of the Legendre expansions of the integrand, as returned by a previous call of D01ARF with
IPARM=1 and a range containing the present range.
If
IPARM=0 or
1,
ALPHA need not be set on entry.
On exit: if
IPARM=1, the first
m elements of
ALPHA hold the coefficients of the Legendre expansion of the integrand, and the value of
m is stored in
ALPHA390.
ALPHA must not be changed between a call with
IPARM=1 and subsequent calls with
IPARM=2.
If
IPARM=2, the first
m elements of
ALPHA are unchanged on exit.
- 12: IFAIL – INTEGERInput/Output
-
On entry:
IFAIL must be set to
0,
-1 or 1. If you are unfamiliar with this parameter you should refer to
Section 3.3 in the Essential Introduction for details.
On exit:
IFAIL=0 unless the routine detects an error (see
Section 6).
For environments where it might be inappropriate to halt program execution when an error is detected, the value
-1 or 1 is recommended. If the output of error messages is undesirable, then the value
1 is recommended. Otherwise, because for this routine the values of the output parameters may be useful even if
IFAIL≠0 on exit, the recommended value is
-1.
When the value -1 or 1 is used it is essential to test the value of IFAIL on exit.
6 Error Indicators and Warnings
If on entry
IFAIL=0 or
-1, explanatory error messages are output on the current error message unit (as defined by
X04AAF).
Note: D01ARF may return useful information for one or more of the following detected errors or warnings.
Errors or warnings detected by the routine:
- IFAIL=1
-
If
IPARM=0 or
1, this indicates that all
MAXRUL rules have been used and the integral has not converged to the accuracy requested. In this case
ANS contains the last approximation to the integral, and
ACC contains the difference between the last two approximations. To check this estimate of the integral, D01ARF could be called again to evaluate
If
IPARM=2, this indicates failure of convergence during the run with
IPARM=1 in which the Legendre expansion was created.
- IFAIL=2
-
On entry, IPARM≠0, 1 or 2
- IFAIL=3
-
The routine is called with IPARM=2 but a previous call with IPARM=1 has been omitted or was invoked with an integration interval of length zero.
- IFAIL=4
-
On entry, with IPARM=2, the interval for indefinite integration is not contained within the interval specified when D01ARF was previously called with IPARM=1.
7 Accuracy
The relative or absolute accuracy required is specified by you in the variables
RELACC or
ABSACC. D01ARF will terminate whenever either the relative accuracy specified by
RELACC or the absolute accuracy specified by
ABSACC is reached. One or other of these criteria may be ‘forced’ by setting the parameter for the other to zero. If both
RELACC and
ABSACC are specified as zero, then the routine uses the value
10.0×machine precision for
RELACC.
If on exit IFAIL=0, then it is likely that the result is correct to one or other of these accuracies. If on exit IFAIL=1, then it is likely that neither of the requested accuracies has been reached.
When you have no prior idea of the magnitude of the integral, it is possible that an unreasonable accuracy may be requested, e.g., a relative accuracy for an integral which turns out to be zero, or a small absolute accuracy for an integral which turns out to be very large. Even if failure is reported in such a case, the value of the integral may still be satisfactory. The device of setting the other ‘unused’ accuracy parameter to a small positive value (e.g., 10-9 for an implementation of 11-digit precision) rather than zero, may prevent excessive calculation in such a situation.
To avoid spurious convergence, it is recommended that relative accuracies larger than about 10-3 be avoided.
8 Further Comments
The time taken by D01ARF depends on the complexity of the integrand and the accuracy required.
This routine uses the Patterson method over the whole integration interval and should therefore be suitable for well behaved functions. However, for very irregular functions it would be more efficient to submit the differently behaved regions separately for integration.
9 Example
This example evaluates the following integrals
| (i) |
Definite integral only IPARM=0 for
|
| (ii) |
Definite integral together with expansion coefficients IPARM=1 for
|
| (iii) |
Indefinite integral using previous expansion IPARM=2 for
|
9.1 Program Text
Program Text (d01arfe.f)
9.2 Program Data
None.
9.3 Program Results
Program Results (d01arfe.r)