g05 Chapter Contents
g05 Chapter Introduction
NAG C Library Manual

NAG Library Function Documentnag_rand_matrix_multi_students_t (g05ryc)

1  Purpose

nag_rand_matrix_multi_students_t (g05ryc) sets up a reference vector and generates an array of pseudorandom numbers from a multivariate Student's $t$ distribution with $\nu$ degrees of freedom, mean vector $a$ and covariance matrix $\frac{\nu }{\nu -2}C$.

2  Specification

 #include #include
 void nag_rand_matrix_multi_students_t (Nag_OrderType order, Nag_ModeRNG mode, Integer n, Integer df, Integer m, const double xmu[], const double c[], Integer pdc, double r[], Integer lr, Integer state[], double x[], Integer pdx, NagError *fail)

3  Description

When the covariance matrix is nonsingular (i.e., strictly positive definite), the distribution has probability density function
 $fx = Γ ν+m 2 πv m/2 Γ ν/2 C 12 1 + x-aT C-1 x-a ν -ν+m 2$
where $m$ is the number of dimensions, $\nu$ is the degrees of freedom, $a$ is the vector of means, $x$ is the vector of positions and $\frac{\nu }{\nu -2}C$ is the covariance matrix.
The function returns the value
 $x = a + νs z$
where $z$ is generated by nag_rand_normal (g05skc) from a Normal distribution with mean zero and covariance matrix $C$ and $s$ is generated by nag_rand_chi_sq (g05sdc) from a ${\chi }^{2}$-distribution with $\nu$ degrees of freedom.
One of the initialization functions nag_rand_init_repeatable (g05kfc) (for a repeatable sequence if computed sequentially) or nag_rand_init_nonrepeatable (g05kgc) (for a non-repeatable sequence) must be called prior to the first call to nag_rand_matrix_multi_students_t (g05ryc).

4  References

Knuth D E (1981) The Art of Computer Programming (Volume 2) (2nd Edition) Addison–Wesley
Wilkinson J H (1965) The Algebraic Eigenvalue Problem Oxford University Press, Oxford

5  Arguments

1:     orderNag_OrderTypeInput
On entry: the order argument specifies the two-dimensional storage scheme being used, i.e., row-major ordering or column-major ordering. C language defined storage is specified by ${\mathbf{order}}=\mathrm{Nag_RowMajor}$. See Section 3.2.1.3 in the Essential Introduction for a more detailed explanation of the use of this argument.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{order}}=\mathrm{Nag_RowMajor}$ or Nag_ColMajor.
2:     modeNag_ModeRNGInput
On entry: a code for selecting the operation to be performed by the function.
${\mathbf{mode}}=\mathrm{Nag_InitializeReference}$
Set up reference vector only.
${\mathbf{mode}}=\mathrm{Nag_GenerateFromReference}$
Generate variates using reference vector set up in a prior call to nag_rand_matrix_multi_students_t (g05ryc).
${\mathbf{mode}}=\mathrm{Nag_InitializeAndGenerate}$
Set up reference vector and generate variates.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{mode}}=\mathrm{Nag_InitializeReference}$, $\mathrm{Nag_GenerateFromReference}$ or $\mathrm{Nag_InitializeAndGenerate}$.
3:     nIntegerInput
On entry: $n$, the number of random variates required.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{n}}\ge 0$.
4:     dfIntegerInput
On entry: $\nu$, the number of degrees of freedom of the distribution.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{df}}\ge 3$.
5:     mIntegerInput
On entry: $m$, the number of dimensions of the distribution.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{m}}>0$.
6:     xmu[m]const doubleInput
On entry: $a$, the vector of means of the distribution.
7:     c[$\mathit{dim}$]const doubleInput
Note: the dimension, dim, of the array c must be at least ${\mathbf{pdc}}×{\mathbf{m}}$.
The $\left(i,j\right)$th element of the matrix $C$ is stored in
• ${\mathbf{c}}\left[\left(j-1\right)×{\mathbf{pdc}}+i-1\right]$ when ${\mathbf{order}}=\mathrm{Nag_ColMajor}$;
• ${\mathbf{c}}\left[\left(i-1\right)×{\mathbf{pdc}}+j-1\right]$ when ${\mathbf{order}}=\mathrm{Nag_RowMajor}$.
On entry: matrix which, along with df, defines the covariance of the distribution. Only the upper triangle need be set.
Constraint: c must be positive semidefinite to machine precision.
8:     pdcIntegerInput
On entry: the stride separating row or column elements (depending on the value of order) in the array c.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{pdc}}\ge {\mathbf{m}}$.
9:     r[lr]doubleInput/Output
On entry: if ${\mathbf{mode}}=\mathrm{Nag_GenerateFromReference}$, the reference vector as set up by nag_rand_matrix_multi_students_t (g05ryc) in a previous call with ${\mathbf{mode}}=\mathrm{Nag_InitializeReference}$ or $\mathrm{Nag_InitializeAndGenerate}$.
On exit: if ${\mathbf{mode}}=\mathrm{Nag_InitializeReference}$ or $\mathrm{Nag_InitializeAndGenerate}$, the reference vector that can be used in subsequent calls to nag_rand_matrix_multi_students_t (g05ryc) with ${\mathbf{mode}}=\mathrm{Nag_GenerateFromReference}$.
10:   lrIntegerInput
On entry: the dimension of the array r. If ${\mathbf{mode}}=\mathrm{Nag_GenerateFromReference}$, it must be the same as the value of lr specified in the prior call to nag_rand_matrix_multi_students_t (g05ryc) with ${\mathbf{mode}}=\mathrm{Nag_InitializeReference}$ or $\mathrm{Nag_InitializeAndGenerate}$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{lr}}\ge {\mathbf{m}}×\left({\mathbf{m}}+1\right)+2$.
11:   state[$\mathit{dim}$]IntegerCommunication Array
Note: the actual argument supplied must be the array state supplied to the initialization functions nag_rand_init_repeatable (g05kfc) or nag_rand_init_nonrepeatable (g05kgc).
On entry: contains information on the selected base generator and its current state.
On exit: contains updated information on the state of the generator.
12:   x[$\mathit{dim}$]doubleOutput
Note: the dimension, dim, of the array x must be at least
• $\mathrm{max}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left(1,{\mathbf{pdx}}×{\mathbf{m}}\right)$ when ${\mathbf{order}}=\mathrm{Nag_ColMajor}$;
• $\mathrm{max}\phantom{\rule{0.125em}{0ex}}\left(1,{\mathbf{n}}×{\mathbf{pdx}}\right)$ when ${\mathbf{order}}=\mathrm{Nag_RowMajor}$.
Where ${\mathbf{X}}\left(i,j\right)$ appears in this document, it refers to the array element
• ${\mathbf{x}}\left[\left(j-1\right)×{\mathbf{pdx}}+i-1\right]$ when ${\mathbf{order}}=\mathrm{Nag_ColMajor}$;
• ${\mathbf{x}}\left[\left(i-1\right)×{\mathbf{pdx}}+j-1\right]$ when ${\mathbf{order}}=\mathrm{Nag_RowMajor}$.
On exit: the array of pseudorandom multivariate Student's $t$ vectors generated by the function, with ${\mathbf{X}}\left(i,j\right)$ holding the $j$th dimension for the $i$th variate.
13:   pdxIntegerInput
On entry: the stride used in the array x.
Constraints:
• if ${\mathbf{order}}=\mathrm{Nag_ColMajor}$, ${\mathbf{pdx}}\ge {\mathbf{n}}$;
• if ${\mathbf{order}}=\mathrm{Nag_RowMajor}$, ${\mathbf{pdx}}\ge {\mathbf{m}}$.
14:   failNagError *Input/Output
The NAG error argument (see Section 3.6 in the Essential Introduction).

6  Error Indicators and Warnings

On entry, argument $〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$ had an illegal value.
NE_INT
On entry, ${\mathbf{df}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{df}}\ge 3$.
On entry, lr is not large enough, ${\mathbf{lr}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$: minimum length required $\text{}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$.
On entry, ${\mathbf{m}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{m}}>0$.
On entry, ${\mathbf{n}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{n}}\ge 0$.
NE_INT_2
On entry, ${\mathbf{pdc}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$ and ${\mathbf{m}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{pdc}}\ge {\mathbf{m}}$.
On entry, ${\mathbf{pdx}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$ and ${\mathbf{m}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{pdx}}\ge {\mathbf{m}}$.
On entry, ${\mathbf{pdx}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$ and ${\mathbf{n}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{pdx}}\ge {\mathbf{n}}$.
NE_INTERNAL_ERROR
An internal error has occurred in this function. Check the function call and any array sizes. If the call is correct then please contact NAG for assistance.
NE_INVALID_STATE
On entry, state vector has been corrupted or not initialized.
NE_POS_DEF
On entry, the covariance matrix $C$ is not positive semidefinite to machine precision.
NE_PREV_CALL
m is not the same as when r was set up in a previous call.
Previous value of ${\mathbf{m}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$ and ${\mathbf{m}}=〈\mathit{\text{value}}〉$.

7  Accuracy

Not applicable.

The time taken by nag_rand_matrix_multi_students_t (g05ryc) is of order $n{m}^{3}$.
It is recommended that the diagonal elements of $C$ should not differ too widely in order of magnitude. This may be achieved by scaling the variables if necessary. The actual matrix decomposed is $C+E=L{L}^{\mathrm{T}}$, where $E$ is a diagonal matrix with small positive diagonal elements. This ensures that, even when $C$ is singular, or nearly singular, the Cholesky factor $L$ corresponds to a positive definite covariance matrix that agrees with $C$ within machine precision.

9  Example

This example prints ten pseudorandom observations from a multivariate Student's $t$-distribution with ten degrees of freedom, means vector
 $1.0 2.0 -3.0 0.0$
and c matrix
 $1.69 0.39 -1.86 0.07 0.39 98.01 -7.07 -0.71 -1.86 -7.07 11.56 0.03 0.07 -0.71 0.03 0.01 ,$
generated by nag_rand_matrix_multi_students_t (g05ryc). All ten observations are generated by a single call to nag_rand_matrix_multi_students_t (g05ryc) with ${\mathbf{mode}}=\mathrm{Nag_InitializeAndGenerate}$. The random number generator is initialized by nag_rand_init_repeatable (g05kfc).

9.1  Program Text

Program Text (g05ryce.c)

None.

9.3  Program Results

Program Results (g05ryce.r)