NAG Library Routine Document
G02FCF
1 Purpose
G02FCF calculates the Durbin–Watson statistic, for a set of residuals, and the upper and lower bounds for its significance.
2 Specification
INTEGER |
N, IP, IFAIL |
REAL (KIND=nag_wp) |
RES(N), D, PDL, PDU, WORK(N) |
|
3 Description
For the general linear regression model
where |
y is a vector of length n of the dependent variable,
X is a n by p matrix of the independent variables,
β is a vector of length p of unknown parameters, |
and |
ε is a vector of length n of unknown random errors. |
The residuals are given by
and the fitted values,
y^=Xβ^, can be written as
Hy for a
n by
n matrix
H. Note that when a mean term is included in the model the sum of the residuals is zero. If the observations have been taken serially, that is
y1,y2,…,yn can be considered as a time series, the Durbin–Watson test can be used to test for serial correlation in the
εi, see
Durbin and Watson (1950),
Durbin and Watson (1951) and
Durbin and Watson (1971).
The Durbin–Watson statistic is
Positive serial correlation in the
εi will lead to a small value of
d while for independent errors
d will be close to
2. Durbin and Watson show that the exact distribution of
d depends on the eigenvalues of the matrix
HA where the matrix
A is such that
d can be written as
and the eigenvalues of the matrix
A are
λj=1-cosπj/n, for
j=1,2,…,n-1.
However bounds on the distribution can be obtained, the lower bound being
and the upper bound being
where the
ui are independent standard Normal variables. The lower tail probabilities associated with these bounds,
pl and
pu, are computed by
G01EPF. The interpretation of the bounds is that, for a test of size (significance)
α, if
pl≤α the test is significant, if
pu>α the test is not significant, while if
pl>α and
pu≤α no conclusion can be reached.
The above probabilities are for the usual test of positive auto-correlation. If the alternative of negative auto-correlation is required, then a call to
G01EPF should be made with the parameter
D taking the value of
4-d; see
Newbold (1988).
4 References
Durbin J and Watson G S (1950) Testing for serial correlation in least-squares regression. I
Biometrika 37 409–428
Durbin J and Watson G S (1951) Testing for serial correlation in least-squares regression. II
Biometrika 38 159–178
Durbin J and Watson G S (1971) Testing for serial correlation in least-squares regression. III
Biometrika 58 1–19
Granger C W J and Newbold P (1986)
Forecasting Economic Time Series (2nd Edition) Academic Press
Newbold P (1988)
Statistics for Business and Economics Prentice–Hall
5 Parameters
- 1: N – INTEGERInput
On entry: n, the number of residuals.
Constraint:
N>IP.
- 2: IP – INTEGERInput
On entry: p, the number of independent variables in the regression model, including the mean.
Constraint:
IP≥1.
- 3: RES(N) – REAL (KIND=nag_wp) arrayInput
On entry: the residuals, r1,r2,…,rn.
Constraint:
the mean of the residuals ≤ε, where ε=machine precision.
- 4: D – REAL (KIND=nag_wp)Output
On exit: the Durbin–Watson statistic, d.
- 5: PDL – REAL (KIND=nag_wp)Output
On exit: lower bound for the significance of the Durbin–Watson statistic, pl.
- 6: PDU – REAL (KIND=nag_wp)Output
On exit: upper bound for the significance of the Durbin–Watson statistic, pu.
- 7: WORK(N) – REAL (KIND=nag_wp) arrayWorkspace
- 8: IFAIL – INTEGERInput/Output
-
On entry:
IFAIL must be set to
0,
-1 or 1. If you are unfamiliar with this parameter you should refer to
Section 3.3 in the Essential Introduction for details.
For environments where it might be inappropriate to halt program execution when an error is detected, the value
-1 or 1 is recommended. If the output of error messages is undesirable, then the value
1 is recommended. Otherwise, if you are not familiar with this parameter, the recommended value is
0.
When the value -1 or 1 is used it is essential to test the value of IFAIL on exit.
On exit:
IFAIL=0 unless the routine detects an error or a warning has been flagged (see
Section 6).
6 Error Indicators and Warnings
If on entry
IFAIL=0 or
-1, explanatory error messages are output on the current error message unit (as defined by
X04AAF).
Errors or warnings detected by the routine:
- IFAIL=1
- IFAIL=2
On entry, | the mean of the residuals was >ε, where ε=machine precision. |
- IFAIL=3
On entry, | all residuals are identical. |
7 Accuracy
The probabilities are computed to an accuracy of at least 4 decimal places.
8 Further Comments
If the exact probabilities are required, then the first
n-p eigenvalues of
HA can be computed and
G01JDF used to compute the required probabilities with the parameter
C set to
0.0 and the parameter
D set to the Durbin–Watson statistic
d.
9 Example
A set of 10 residuals are read in and the Durbin–Watson statistic along with the probability bounds are computed and printed.
9.1 Program Text
Program Text (g02fcfe.f90)
9.2 Program Data
Program Data (g02fcfe.d)
9.3 Program Results
Program Results (g02fcfe.r)