NAG Library Routine Document

d02raf  (bvp_fd_nonlin_gen)

 Contents

    1  Purpose
    7  Accuracy

1
Purpose

d02raf solves a two-point boundary value problem with general boundary conditions for a system of ordinary differential equations, using a deferred correction technique and Newton iteration.

2
Specification

Fortran Interface
Subroutine d02raf ( n, mnp, np, numbeg, nummix, tol, init, x, y, ldy, abt, fcn, g, ijac, jacobf, jacobg, deleps, jaceps, jacgep, work, lwork, iwork, liwork, ifail)
Integer, Intent (In):: n, mnp, numbeg, nummix, init, ldy, ijac, lwork, liwork
Integer, Intent (Inout):: np, ifail
Integer, Intent (Out):: iwork(liwork)
Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (In):: tol
Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (Inout):: x(mnp), y(ldy,mnp), deleps
Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (Out):: abt(n), work(lwork)
External:: fcn, g, jacobf, jacobg, jaceps, jacgep
C Header Interface
#include nagmk26.h
void  d02raf_ ( const Integer *n, const Integer *mnp, Integer *np, const Integer *numbeg, const Integer *nummix, const double *tol, const Integer *init, double x[], double y[], const Integer *ldy, double abt[],
void (NAG_CALL *fcn)( const double *x, const double *eps, const double y[], double f[], const Integer *n),
void (NAG_CALL *g)( const double *eps, const double ya[], const double yb[], double bc[], const Integer *n),
const Integer *ijac,
void (NAG_CALL *jacobf)( const double *x, const double *eps, const double y[], double f[], const Integer *n),
void (NAG_CALL *jacobg)( const double *eps, const double ya[], const double yb[], double aj[], double bj[], const Integer *n),
double *deleps,
void (NAG_CALL *jaceps)( const double *x, const double *eps, const double y[], double f[], const Integer *n),
void (NAG_CALL *jacgep)( const double *eps, const double ya[], const double yb[], double bcep[], const Integer *n),
double work[], const Integer *lwork, Integer iwork[], const Integer *liwork, Integer *ifail)

3
Description

d02raf solves a two-point boundary value problem for a system of n ordinary differential equations in the interval a,b with b>a. The system is written in the form
yi = f i x, y 1 , y 2 ,, y n ,   i=1,2,,n (1)
and the derivatives fi are evaluated by fcn. With the differential equations (1) must be given a system of n (nonlinear) boundary conditions
gi ya,yb = 0 ,   i=1,2,,n ,  
where
y x = y 1 x , y 2 x ,, y n x T . (2)
The functions gi are evaluated by g. The solution is computed using a finite difference technique with deferred correction allied to a Newton iteration to solve the finite difference equations. The technique used is described fully in Pereyra (1979).
You must supply an absolute error tolerance and may also supply an initial mesh for the finite difference equations and an initial approximate solution (alternatively a default mesh and approximation are used). The approximate solution is corrected using Newton iteration and deferred correction. Then, additional points are added to the mesh and the solution is recomputed with the aim of making the error everywhere less than your tolerance and of approximately equidistributing the error on the final mesh. The solution is returned on this final mesh.
If the solution is required at a few specific points then these should be included in the initial mesh. If, on the other hand, the solution is required at several specific points then you should use the interpolation routines provided in Chapter E01 if these points do not themselves form a convenient mesh.
The Newton iteration requires Jacobian matrices
fi yj , gi yja  and  gi yjb .  
These may be supplied through jacobf for fi yj  and jacobg for the others. Alternatively the Jacobians may be calculated by numerical differentiation using the algorithm described in Curtis et al. (1974).
For problems of the type (1) and (2) for which it is difficult to determine an initial approximation from which the Newton iteration will converge, a continuation facility is provided. You must set up a family of problems
y = f x,y,ε ,   g ya,yb,ε = 0 , (3)
where f = f 1 , f 2 ,, f n T  etc., and where ε is a continuation parameter. The choice ε=0 must give a problem (3) which is easy to solve and ε=1 must define the problem whose solution is actually required. The routine solves a sequence of problems with ε values
0 = ε1 < ε2 < < εp = 1 . (4)
The number p and the values εi are chosen by the routine so that each problem can be solved using the solution of its predecessor as a starting approximation. Jacobians f ε  and g ε  are required and they may be supplied by you via jaceps and jacgep respectively or may be computed by numerical differentiation.

4
References

Curtis A R, Powell M J D and Reid J K (1974) On the estimation of sparse Jacobian matrices J. Inst. Maths. Applics. 13 117–119
Pereyra V (1979) PASVA3: An adaptive finite-difference Fortran program for first order nonlinear, ordinary boundary problems Codes for Boundary Value Problems in Ordinary Differential Equations. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (eds B Childs, M Scott, J W Daniel, E Denman and P Nelson) 76 Springer–Verlag

5
Arguments

1:     n – IntegerInput
On entry: n, the number of differential equations.
Constraint: n>0.
2:     mnp – IntegerInput
On entry: mnp must be set to the maximum permitted number of points in the finite difference mesh. If lwork or liwork are too small then internally mnp will be replaced by the maximum permitted by these values. (A warning message will be output if on entry ifail is set to obtain monitoring information.)
Constraint: mnp32.
3:     np – IntegerInput/Output
On entry: must be set to the number of points to be used in the initial mesh.
Constraint: 4npmnp.
On exit: the number of points in the final mesh.
4:     numbeg – IntegerInput
On entry: the number of left-hand boundary conditions (that is the number involving ya only).
Constraint: 0numbeg<n.
5:     nummix – IntegerInput
On entry: the number of coupled boundary conditions (that is the number involving both ya and yb).
Constraint: 0nummixn-numbeg.
6:     tol – Real (Kind=nag_wp)Input
On entry: a positive absolute error tolerance. If
a=x1<x2<<xnp=b  
is the final mesh, zjxi is the jth component of the approximate solution at xi, and yjx is the jth component of the true solution of (1) and (2), then, except in extreme circumstances, it is expected that
zjxi-yjxitol,  i=1,2,,np​ and ​j=1,2,,n. (5)
Constraint: tol>0.0.
7:     init – IntegerInput
On entry: indicates whether you wish to supply an initial mesh and approximate solution (init=1) or whether default values are to be used, (init=0).
Constraint: init=0 or 1.
8:     xmnp – Real (Kind=nag_wp) arrayInput/Output
On entry: you must set x1=a and xnp=b. If init=0 on entry a default equispaced mesh will be used, otherwise you must specify a mesh by setting xi=xi, for i=2,3,,np-1.
Constraints:
  • if init=0, x1<xnp;
  • if init=1, x1<x2<<xnp.
On exit: x1,x2,,xnp define the final mesh (with the returned value of np) and x1=a and xnp=b.
9:     yldymnp – Real (Kind=nag_wp) arrayInput/Output
On entry: if init=0, y need not be set.
If init=1, the array y must contain an initial approximation to the solution such that yji contains an approximation to
yjxi,  i=1,2,,np​ and ​j=1,2,,n.  
On exit: the approximate solution zjxi satisfying (5) on the final mesh, that is
yji=zjxi,  i=1,2,,np​ and ​j=1,2,,n,  
where np is the number of points in the final mesh. If an error has occurred then y contains the latest approximation to the solution. The remaining columns of y are not used.
10:   ldy – IntegerInput
On entry: the first dimension of the array y as declared in the (sub)program from which d02raf is called.
Constraint: ldyn.
11:   abtn – Real (Kind=nag_wp) arrayOutput
On exit: abti, for i=1,2,,n, holds the largest estimated error (in magnitude) of the ith component of the solution over all mesh points.
12:   fcn – Subroutine, supplied by the user.External Procedure
fcn must evaluate the functions fi (i.e., the derivatives yi) at a general point x for a given value of ε, the continuation parameter (see Section 3).
The specification of fcn is:
Fortran Interface
Subroutine fcn ( x, eps, y, f, n)
Integer, Intent (In):: n
Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (In):: x, eps, y(n)
Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (Out):: f(n)
C Header Interface
#include nagmk26.h
void  fcn ( const double *x, const double *eps, const double y[], double f[], const Integer *n)
1:     x – Real (Kind=nag_wp)Input
On entry: x, the value of the independent variable.
2:     eps – Real (Kind=nag_wp)Input
On entry: ε, the value of the continuation parameter. This is 1 if continuation is not being used.
3:     yn – Real (Kind=nag_wp) arrayInput
On entry: yi, for i=1,2,,n, the values of the dependent variables at x.
4:     fn – Real (Kind=nag_wp) arrayOutput
On exit: the values of the derivatives fi evaluated at x given ε, for i=1,2,,n.
5:     n – IntegerInput
On entry: n, the number of equations.
fcn must either be a module subprogram USEd by, or declared as EXTERNAL in, the (sub)program from which d02raf is called. Arguments denoted as Input must not be changed by this procedure.
Note: fcn should not return floating-point NaN (Not a Number) or infinity values, since these are not handled by d02raf. If your code inadvertently does return any NaNs or infinities, d02raf is likely to produce unexpected results.
13:   g – Subroutine, supplied by the user.External Procedure
g must evaluate the boundary conditions in equation (3) and place them in the array bc.
The specification of g is:
Fortran Interface
Subroutine g ( eps, ya, yb, bc, n)
Integer, Intent (In):: n
Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (In):: eps, ya(n), yb(n)
Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (Out):: bc(n)
C Header Interface
#include nagmk26.h
void  g ( const double *eps, const double ya[], const double yb[], double bc[], const Integer *n)
1:     eps – Real (Kind=nag_wp)Input
On entry: ε, the value of the continuation parameter. This is 1 if continuation is not being used.
2:     yan – Real (Kind=nag_wp) arrayInput
On entry: the value yia, for i=1,2,,n.
3:     ybn – Real (Kind=nag_wp) arrayInput
On entry: the value yib, for i=1,2,,n.
4:     bcn – Real (Kind=nag_wp) arrayOutput
On exit: the values gi ya,yb,ε , for i=1,2,,n. These must be ordered as follows:
(i) first, the conditions involving only ya (see numbeg);
(ii) next, the nummix coupled conditions involving both ya and yb (see nummix); and,
(iii) finally, the conditions involving only yb (n-numbeg-nummix).
5:     n – IntegerInput
On entry: n, the number of equations.
g must either be a module subprogram USEd by, or declared as EXTERNAL in, the (sub)program from which d02raf is called. Arguments denoted as Input must not be changed by this procedure.
Note: g should not return floating-point NaN (Not a Number) or infinity values, since these are not handled by d02raf. If your code inadvertently does return any NaNs or infinities, d02raf is likely to produce unexpected results.
14:   ijac – IntegerInput
On entry: indicates whether or not you are supplying Jacobian evaluation routines.
ijac0
You must supply jacobf and jacobg and also, when continuation is used, jaceps and jacgep.
ijac=0
Numerical differentiation is used to calculate the Jacobian and the routines d02gaw, d02gax, d02gay and d02gaz respectively may be used as the dummy arguments.
15:   jacobf – Subroutine, supplied by the NAG Library or the user.External Procedure
jacobf evaluates the Jacobian fi yj , for i=1,2,,n and j=1,2,,n, given x and yj, for j=1,2,,n.
If ijac=0, numerical differentiation is used to calculate the Jacobian and the routine d02gaz may be substituted for this argument.
The specification of jacobf is:
Fortran Interface
Subroutine jacobf ( x, eps, y, f, n)
Integer, Intent (In):: n
Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (In):: x, eps, y(n)
Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (Out):: f(n,n)
C Header Interface
#include nagmk26.h
void  jacobf ( const double *x, const double *eps, const double y[], double f[], const Integer *n)
1:     x – Real (Kind=nag_wp)Input
On entry: x, the value of the independent variable.
2:     eps – Real (Kind=nag_wp)Input
On entry: ε, the value of the continuation parameter. This is 1 if continuation is not being used.
3:     yn – Real (Kind=nag_wp) arrayInput
On entry: yi, for i=1,2,,n, the values of the dependent variables at x.
4:     fnn – Real (Kind=nag_wp) arrayOutput
On exit: fji must be set to the value of fi yj , evaluated at the point x,y, for i=1,2,,n and j=1,2,,n.
5:     n – IntegerInput
On entry: n, the number of equations.
jacobf must either be a module subprogram USEd by, or declared as EXTERNAL in, the (sub)program from which d02raf is called. Arguments denoted as Input must not be changed by this procedure.
Note: jacobf should not return floating-point NaN (Not a Number) or infinity values, since these are not handled by d02raf. If your code inadvertently does return any NaNs or infinities, d02raf is likely to produce unexpected results.
16:   jacobg – Subroutine, supplied by the NAG Library or the user.External Procedure
jacobg evaluates the Jacobians gi yja  and gi yjb . The ordering of the rows of aj and bj must correspond to the ordering of the boundary conditions described in the specification of g.
If ijac=0, numerical differentiation is used to calculate the Jacobian and the routine d02gay may be substituted for this argument.
The specification of jacobg is:
Fortran Interface
Subroutine jacobg ( eps, ya, yb, aj, bj, n)
Integer, Intent (In):: n
Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (In):: eps, ya(n), yb(n)
Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (Out):: aj(n,n), bj(n,n)
C Header Interface
#include nagmk26.h
void  jacobg ( const double *eps, const double ya[], const double yb[], double aj[], double bj[], const Integer *n)
1:     eps – Real (Kind=nag_wp)Input
On entry: ε, the value of the continuation parameter. This is 1 if continuation is not being used.
2:     yan – Real (Kind=nag_wp) arrayInput
On entry: the value yia, for i=1,2,,n.
3:     ybn – Real (Kind=nag_wp) arrayInput
On entry: the value yib, for i=1,2,,n.
4:     ajnn – Real (Kind=nag_wp) arrayOutput
On exit: ajij must be set to the value gi yja , for i=1,2,,n and j=1,2,,n.
5:     bjnn – Real (Kind=nag_wp) arrayOutput
On exit: bjij must be set to the value gi yjb , for i=1,2,,n and j=1,2,,n.
6:     n – IntegerInput
On entry: n, the number of equations.
jacobg must either be a module subprogram USEd by, or declared as EXTERNAL in, the (sub)program from which d02raf is called. Arguments denoted as Input must not be changed by this procedure.
Note: jacobg should not return floating-point NaN (Not a Number) or infinity values, since these are not handled by d02raf. If your code inadvertently does return any NaNs or infinities, d02raf is likely to produce unexpected results.
17:   deleps – Real (Kind=nag_wp)Input/Output
On entry: must be given a value which specifies whether continuation is required. If deleps0.0 or deleps1.0 then it is assumed that continuation is not required. If 0.0<deleps<1.0 then it is assumed that continuation is required unless deleps<machine precision when an error exit is taken. deleps is used as the increment ε2-ε1 (see (4)) and the choice deleps=0.1 is recommended.
On exit: an overestimate of the increment εp-εp-1 (in fact the value of the increment which would have been tried if the restriction εp=1 had not been imposed). If continuation was not requested then deleps=0.0.
If continuation is not requested then jaceps and jacgep may each be replaced by dummy actual arguments in the call to d02raf. (d02gaw and d02gax respectively may be used as the dummy arguments.)
18:   jaceps – Subroutine, supplied by the NAG Library or the user.External Procedure
jaceps evaluates the derivative fi ε  given x and y if continuation is being used.
If all Jacobians (derivatives) are to be approximated internally by numerical differentiation, or continuation is not being used, the routine d02gaw may be substituted for this argument.
The specification of jaceps is:
Fortran Interface
Subroutine jaceps ( x, eps, y, f, n)
Integer, Intent (In):: n
Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (In):: x, eps, y(n)
Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (Out):: f(n)
C Header Interface
#include nagmk26.h
void  jaceps ( const double *x, const double *eps, const double y[], double f[], const Integer *n)
1:     x – Real (Kind=nag_wp)Input
On entry: x, the value of the independent variable.
2:     eps – Real (Kind=nag_wp)Input
On entry: ε, the value of the continuation parameter.
3:     yn – Real (Kind=nag_wp) arrayInput
On entry: the solution values yi, for i=1,2,,n, at the point x.
4:     fn – Real (Kind=nag_wp) arrayOutput
On exit: fi must contain the value fi ε  at the point x,y, for i=1,2,,n.
5:     n – IntegerInput
On entry: n, the number of equations.
jaceps must either be a module subprogram USEd by, or declared as EXTERNAL in, the (sub)program from which d02raf is called. Arguments denoted as Input must not be changed by this procedure.
Note: jaceps should not return floating-point NaN (Not a Number) or infinity values, since these are not handled by d02raf. If your code inadvertently does return any NaNs or infinities, d02raf is likely to produce unexpected results.
19:   jacgep – Subroutine, supplied by the NAG Library or the user.External Procedure
jacgep evaluates the derivatives gi ε  if continuation is being used.
If all Jacobians (derivatives) are to be approximated internally by numerical differentiation, or continuation is not being used, the routine d02gax may be substituted for this argument.
The specification of jacgep is:
Fortran Interface
Subroutine jacgep ( eps, ya, yb, bcep, n)
Integer, Intent (In):: n
Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (In):: eps, ya(n), yb(n)
Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (Out):: bcep(n)
C Header Interface
#include nagmk26.h
void  jacgep ( const double *eps, const double ya[], const double yb[], double bcep[], const Integer *n)
1:     eps – Real (Kind=nag_wp)Input
On entry: ε, the value of the continuation parameter.
2:     yan – Real (Kind=nag_wp) arrayInput
On entry: the value of yia, for i=1,2,,n.
3:     ybn – Real (Kind=nag_wp) arrayInput
On entry: the value of yib, for i=1,2,,n.
4:     bcepn – Real (Kind=nag_wp) arrayOutput
On exit: bcepi must contain the value of gi ε , for i=1,2,,n.
5:     n – IntegerInput
On entry: n, the number of equations.
jacgep must either be a module subprogram USEd by, or declared as EXTERNAL in, the (sub)program from which d02raf is called. Arguments denoted as Input must not be changed by this procedure.
Note: jacgep should not return floating-point NaN (Not a Number) or infinity values, since these are not handled by d02raf. If your code inadvertently does return any NaNs or infinities, d02raf is likely to produce unexpected results.
20:   worklwork – Real (Kind=nag_wp) arrayWorkspace
21:   lwork – IntegerInput
On entry: the dimension of the array work as declared in the (sub)program from which d02raf is called.
Constraint: lworkmnp×3n2+6n+2+4n2+3n.
22:   iworkliwork – Integer arrayWorkspace
23:   liwork – IntegerInput
On entry: the dimension of the array iwork as declared in the (sub)program from which d02raf is called.
Constraints:
  • if ijac0, liworkmnp×2×n+1+n;
  • if ijac=0, liworkmnp×2×n+1+n2+4×n+2.
24:   ifail – IntegerInput/Output
For this routine, the normal use of ifail is extended to control the printing of error and warning messages as well as specifying hard or soft failure (see Section 3.4 in How to Use the NAG Library and its Documentation).
On entry: ifail must be set to a value with the decimal expansion cba, where each of the decimal digits c, b and a must have a value of 0 or 1.
a=0 specifies hard failure, otherwise soft failure;
b=0 suppresses error messages, otherwise error messages will be printed (see Section 6);
c=0 suppresses warning messages, otherwise warning messages will be printed (see Section 6).
The recommended value for inexperienced users is 110 (i.e., hard failure with all messages printed).
On exit: ifail=0 unless the routine detects an error or a warning has been flagged (see Section 6).

6
Error Indicators and Warnings

If on entry ifail=0 or -1, explanatory error messages are output on the current error message unit (as defined by x04aaf).
Errors or warnings detected by the routine:
ifail=1
One or more of the arguments n, mnp, np, numbeg, nummix, tol, deleps, lwork or liwork is incorrectly set, or x1xnp or the mesh points xi are not in strictly ascending order.
ifail=2
A finer mesh is required for the accuracy requested; that is mnp is not large enough. This error exit normally occurs when the problem being solved is difficult (for example, there is a boundary layer) and high accuracy is requested. A poor initial choice of mesh points will make this error exit more likely.
ifail=3
The Newton iteration has failed to converge. There are several possible causes for this error:
(i) faulty coding in one of the Jacobian calculation routines;
(ii) if ijac=0 then inaccurate Jacobians may have been calculated numerically (this is a very unlikely cause); or,
(iii) a poor initial mesh or initial approximate solution has been selected either by you or by default or there are not enough points in the initial mesh. Possibly, you should try the continuation facility.
ifail=4
The Newton iteration has reached round-off error level. It could be however that the answer returned is satisfactory. The error is likely to occur if too high an accuracy is requested.
ifail=5
The Jacobian calculated by jacobg (or the equivalent matrix calculated by numerical differentiation) is singular. This may occur due to faulty coding of jacobg or, in some circumstances, to a zero initial choice of approximate solution (such as is chosen when init=0).
ifail=6
There is no dependence on ε when continuation is being used. This can be due to faulty coding of jaceps or jacgep or, in some circumstances, to a zero initial choice of approximate solution (such as is chosen when init=0).
ifail=7
deleps is required to be less than machine precision for continuation to proceed. It is likely that either the problem (3) has no solution for some value near the current value of ε (see the advisory print out from d02raf) or that the problem is so difficult that even with continuation it is unlikely to be solved using this routine. If the latter cause is suspected then using more mesh points initially may help.
ifail=8
ifail=9
A serious error has occurred in an internal call. Check all array subscripts and subroutine argument lists in calls to d02raf. Seek expert help.
ifail=-99
An unexpected error has been triggered by this routine. Please contact NAG.
See Section 3.9 in How to Use the NAG Library and its Documentation for further information.
ifail=-399
Your licence key may have expired or may not have been installed correctly.
See Section 3.8 in How to Use the NAG Library and its Documentation for further information.
ifail=-999
Dynamic memory allocation failed.
See Section 3.7 in How to Use the NAG Library and its Documentation for further information.

7
Accuracy

The solution returned by the routine will be accurate to your tolerance as defined by the relation (5) except in extreme circumstances. The final error estimate over the whole mesh for each component is given in the array abt. If too many points are specified in the initial mesh, the solution may be more accurate than requested and the error may not be approximately equidistributed.

8
Parallelism and Performance

d02raf is not thread safe and should not be called from a multithreaded user program. Please see Section 3.12.1 in How to Use the NAG Library and its Documentation for more information on thread safety.
d02raf makes calls to BLAS and/or LAPACK routines, which may be threaded within the vendor library used by this implementation. Consult the documentation for the vendor library for further information.
Please consult the X06 Chapter Introduction for information on how to control and interrogate the OpenMP environment used within this routine. Please also consult the Users' Note for your implementation for any additional implementation-specific information.

9
Further Comments

There are too many factors present to quantify the timing. The time taken by d02raf is negligible only on very simple problems.
You are strongly recommended to set ifail to obtain self-explanatory error messages, and also monitoring information about the course of the computation. Monitoring information is written to a logical advisory message unit which normally default to the same unit number as the error message unit (see Section 3.5 in How to Use the NAG Library and its Documentation for details); the advisory message unit number can be changed by calling x04abf.
In the case where you wish to solve a sequence of similar problems, the use of the final mesh and solution from one case as the initial mesh is strongly recommended for the next.

10
Example

This example solves the differential equation
y=-yy-2ε1-y2  
with ε=1 and boundary conditions
y0=y0=0,  y10=1  
to an accuracy specified by tol=1.0E−4. The continuation facility is used with the continuation parameter ε introduced as in the differential equation above and with deleps=0.1 initially. (The continuation facility is not needed for this problem and is used here for illustration.)

10.1
Program Text

Program Text (d02rafe.f90)

10.2
Program Data

Program Data (d02rafe.d)

10.3
Program Results

Program Results (d02rafe.r)

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