g01fd returns the deviate associated with the given lower tail probability of the $F$ or variance-ratio distribution with real degrees of freedom.

# Syntax

C#
```public static double g01fd(
double p,
double df1,
double df2,
out int ifail
)```
Visual Basic
```Public Shared Function g01fd ( _
p As Double, _
df1 As Double, _
df2 As Double, _
<OutAttribute> ByRef ifail As Integer _
) As Double```
Visual C++
```public:
static double g01fd(
double p,
double df1,
double df2,
[OutAttribute] int% ifail
)```
F#
```static member g01fd :
p : float *
df1 : float *
df2 : float *
ifail : int byref -> float
```

#### Parameters

p
Type: System..::..Double
On entry: $p$, the lower tail probability from the required $F$-distribution.
Constraint: $0.0\le {\mathbf{p}}<1.0$.
df1
Type: System..::..Double
On entry: the degrees of freedom of the numerator variance, ${\nu }_{1}$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{df1}}>0.0$.
df2
Type: System..::..Double
On entry: the degrees of freedom of the denominator variance, ${\nu }_{2}$.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{df2}}>0.0$.
ifail
Type: System..::..Int32%
On exit: ${\mathbf{ifail}}={0}$ unless the method detects an error or a warning has been flagged (see [Error Indicators and Warnings]).

#### Return Value

g01fd returns the deviate associated with the given lower tail probability of the $F$ or variance-ratio distribution with real degrees of freedom.

# Description

The deviate, ${f}_{p}$, associated with the lower tail probability, $p$, of the $F$-distribution with degrees of freedom ${\nu }_{1}$ and ${\nu }_{2}$ is defined as the solution to
 $PF≤fp:ν1,ν2=p=ν112ν1ν212ν2Γν1+ν22Γν12Γν22∫0fpF12ν1-2ν2+ν1F-12ν1+ν2dF,$
where ${\nu }_{1},{\nu }_{2}>0$; $0\le {f}_{p}<\infty$.
The value of ${f}_{p}$ is computed by means of a transformation to a beta distribution, ${P}_{\beta }\left(B\le \beta :a,b\right)$:
 $PF≤f:ν1,ν2=PβB≤ν1fν1f+ν2:ν1/2,ν2/2$
and using a call to g01fe.
For very large values of both ${\nu }_{1}$ and ${\nu }_{2}$, greater than ${10}^{5}$, a normal approximation is used. If only one of ${\nu }_{1}$ or ${\nu }_{2}$ is greater than ${10}^{5}$ then a ${\chi }^{2}$ approximation is used; see Abramowitz and Stegun (1972).

# References

Abramowitz M and Stegun I A (1972) Handbook of Mathematical Functions (3rd Edition) Dover Publications
Hastings N A J and Peacock J B (1975) Statistical Distributions Butterworth

# Error Indicators and Warnings

Note: g01fd may return useful information for one or more of the following detected errors or warnings.
Errors or warnings detected by the method:
If on exit ${\mathbf{ifail}}={1}$${2}$ or ${4}$, then g01fd returns $0.0$.
${\mathbf{ifail}}=1$
 On entry, ${\mathbf{p}}<0.0$, or ${\mathbf{p}}\ge 1.0$.
${\mathbf{ifail}}=2$
 On entry, ${\mathbf{df1}}\le 0.0$, or ${\mathbf{df2}}\le 0.0$.
${\mathbf{ifail}}=3$
The solution has not converged. The result should still be a reasonable approximation to the solution. Alternatively, g01fe can be used with a suitable setting of the parameter tol.
${\mathbf{ifail}}=4$
The value of p is too close to $0$ or $1$ for the value of ${f}_{p}$ to be computed. This will only occur when the large sample approximations are used.
${\mathbf{ifail}}=-9000$
An error occured, see message report.

# Accuracy

The result should be accurate to five significant digits.

# Parallelism and Performance

None.

For higher accuracy g01fe can be used along with the transformations given in [Description].

# Example

This example reads the lower tail probabilities for several $F$-distributions, and calculates and prints the corresponding deviates until the end of data is reached.

Example program (C#): g01fde.cs

Example program data: g01fde.d

Example program results: g01fde.r