nag_gamma_pdf_vector (g01kkc) (PDF version)
g01 Chapter Contents
g01 Chapter Introduction
NAG Library Manual

NAG Library Function Document

nag_gamma_pdf_vector (g01kkc)

 Contents

    1  Purpose
    7  Accuracy

1  Purpose

nag_gamma_pdf_vector (g01kkc) returns a number of values of the probability density function (PDF), or its logarithm, for the gamma distribution.

2  Specification

#include <nag.h>
#include <nagg01.h>
void  nag_gamma_pdf_vector (Nag_Boolean ilog, Integer lx, const double x[], Integer la, const double a[], Integer lb, const double b[], double pdf[], Integer ivalid[], NagError *fail)

3  Description

The gamma distribution with shape parameter αi and scale parameter βi has PDF
f xi,αi,βi = 1 βi αi Γαi xi αi-1 e -xi / βi if ​ xi 0 ;   αi , βi > 0 fxi,αi,βi=0 otherwise.  
If 0.01xi,αi,βi100 then an algorithm based directly on the gamma distribution's PDF is used. For values outside this range, the function is calculated via the Poisson distribution's PDF as described in Loader (2000) (see Section 9).
The input arrays to this function are designed to allow maximum flexibility in the supply of vector arguments by re-using elements of any arrays that are shorter than the total number of evaluations required. See Section 2.6 in the g01 Chapter Introduction for further information.

4  References

Loader C (2000) Fast and accurate computation of binomial probabilities (not yet published)

5  Arguments

1:     ilog Nag_BooleanInput
On entry: the value of ilog determines whether the logarithmic value is returned in pdf.
ilog=Nag_FALSE
fxi,αi,βi, the probability density function is returned.
ilog=Nag_TRUE
logfxi,αi,βi, the logarithm of the probability density function is returned.
2:     lx IntegerInput
On entry: the length of the array x.
Constraint: lx>0.
3:     x[lx] const doubleInput
On entry: xi, the values at which the PDF is to be evaluated with xi=x[j], j=i-1 mod lx, for i=1,2,,maxlx,la,lb.
4:     la IntegerInput
On entry: the length of the array a.
Constraint: la>0.
5:     a[la] const doubleInput
On entry: αi, the shape parameter with αi=a[j], j=i-1 mod la.
Constraint: a[j-1]>0.0, for j=1,2,,la.
6:     lb IntegerInput
On entry: the length of the array b.
Constraint: lb>0.
7:     b[lb] const doubleInput
On entry: βi, the scale parameter with βi=b[j], j=i-1 mod lb.
Constraint: b[j-1]>0.0, for j=1,2,,lb.
8:     pdf[dim] doubleOutput
Note: the dimension, dim, of the array pdf must be at least maxlx,la,lb.
On exit: fxi,αi,βi or logfxi,αi,βi.
9:     ivalid[dim] IntegerOutput
Note: the dimension, dim, of the array ivalid must be at least maxlx,la,lb.
On exit: ivalid[i-1] indicates any errors with the input arguments, with
ivalid[i-1]=0
No error.
ivalid[i-1]=1
αi0.0.
ivalid[i-1]=2
βi0.0.
ivalid[i-1]=3
xiβi overflows, the value returned should be a reasonable approximation.
10:   fail NagError *Input/Output
The NAG error argument (see Section 3.6 in the Essential Introduction).

6  Error Indicators and Warnings

NE_ALLOC_FAIL
Dynamic memory allocation failed.
See Section 3.2.1.2 in the Essential Introduction for further information.
NE_ARRAY_SIZE
On entry, array size=value.
Constraint: la>0.
On entry, array size=value.
Constraint: lb>0.
On entry, array size=value.
Constraint: lx>0.
NE_BAD_PARAM
On entry, argument value had an illegal value.
NE_INTERNAL_ERROR
An internal error has occurred in this function. Check the function call and any array sizes. If the call is correct then please contact NAG for assistance.
An unexpected error has been triggered by this function. Please contact NAG.
See Section 3.6.6 in the Essential Introduction for further information.
NE_NO_LICENCE
Your licence key may have expired or may not have been installed correctly.
See Section 3.6.5 in the Essential Introduction for further information.
NW_IVALID
On entry, at least one value of x, a or b was invalid.
Check ivalid for more information.

7  Accuracy

Not applicable.

8  Parallelism and Performance

Not applicable.

9  Further Comments

Due to the lack of a stable link to Loader (2000) paper, we give a brief overview of the method, as applied to the Poisson distribution. The Poisson distribution has a continuous mass function given by,
px;λ = λx x! e-λ . (1)
The usual way of computing this quantity would be to take the logarithm and calculate,
log p x;λ = x logλ - log x! - λ .  
For large x and λ, xlogλ and logx! are very large, of the same order of magnitude and when calculated have rounding errors. The subtraction of these two terms can therefore result in a number, many orders of magnitude smaller and hence we lose accuracy due to subtraction errors. For example for x=2×106 and λ=2×106, logx!2.7×107 and logpx;λ=-8.17326744645834. But calculated with the method shown later we have logpx;λ=-8.1732674441334492. The difference between these two results suggests a loss of about 7 significant figures of precision.
Loader introduces an alternative way of expressing (1) based on the saddle point expansion,
log p x;λ = log p x;x - Dx;λ , (2)
where Dx;λ, the deviance for the Poisson distribution is given by,
Dx;λ = log p x;x - log p x;λ , = λ D0 x λ , (3)
and
D0 ε = ε logε + 1 - ε .  
For ε close to 1, D0ε can be evaluated through the series expansion
λ D0 x λ = x-λ 2 x+λ + 2x j=1 v 2j+1 2j+1 ,  where ​ v = x-λ x+λ ,  
otherwise D0ε can be evaluated directly. In addition, Loader suggests evaluating logx! using the Stirling–De Moivre series,
logx! = 12 log 2πx + x logx -x + δx , (4)
where the error δx is given by
δx = 112x - 1 360x3 + 1 1260x5 + O x-7 .  
Finally logpx;λ can be evaluated by combining equations (1)(4) to get,
p x;λ = 1 2πx e - δx - λ D0 x/λ .  

10  Example

This example prints the value of the gamma distribution PDF at six different points xi with differing αi and βi.

10.1  Program Text

Program Text (g01kkce.c)

10.2  Program Data

Program Data (g01kkce.d)

10.3  Program Results

Program Results (g01kkce.r)

GnuplotProduced by GNUPLOT 4.6 patchlevel 3 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 y x Example Program Plots of the Gamma Distribution α=2, β=2 α=9, β=0.5 gnuplot_plot_1 gnuplot_plot_2

nag_gamma_pdf_vector (g01kkc) (PDF version)
g01 Chapter Contents
g01 Chapter Introduction
NAG Library Manual

© The Numerical Algorithms Group Ltd, Oxford, UK. 2015