S18ARF (PDF version)
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NAG Library Manual

NAG Library Routine Document

S18ARF

Note:  before using this routine, please read the Users' Note for your implementation to check the interpretation of bold italicised terms and other implementation-dependent details.

+ Contents

    1  Purpose
    7  Accuracy

1  Purpose

S18ARF returns an array of values of the modified Bessel function K1x.

2  Specification

SUBROUTINE S18ARF ( N, X, F, IVALID, IFAIL)
INTEGER  N, IVALID(N), IFAIL
REAL (KIND=nag_wp)  X(N), F(N)

3  Description

S18ARF evaluates an approximation to the modified Bessel function of the second kind K1xi for an array of arguments xi, for i=1,2,,n.
Note:  K1x is undefined for x0 and the routine will fail for such arguments.
The routine is based on five Chebyshev expansions:
For 0<x1,
K1x=1x+xlnxr=0arTrt-xr=0brTrt,   where ​ t=2x2-1.
For 1<x2,
K1x=e-xr=0crTrt,   where ​t=2x-3.
For 2<x4,
K1x=e-xr=0drTrt,   where ​t=x-3.
For x>4,
K1x=e-xx r=0erTrt,   where ​t=9-x 1+x .
For x near zero, K1x 1x . This approximation is used when x is sufficiently small for the result to be correct to machine precision. For very small x it is impossible to calculate 1x  without overflow and the routine must fail.
For large x, where there is a danger of underflow due to the smallness of K1, the result is set exactly to zero.

4  References

Abramowitz M and Stegun I A (1972) Handbook of Mathematical Functions (3rd Edition) Dover Publications

5  Parameters

1:     N – INTEGERInput
On entry: n, the number of points.
Constraint: N0.
2:     X(N) – REAL (KIND=nag_wp) arrayInput
On entry: the argument xi of the function, for i=1,2,,N.
Constraint: Xi>0.0, for i=1,2,,N.
3:     F(N) – REAL (KIND=nag_wp) arrayOutput
On exit: K1xi, the function values.
4:     IVALID(N) – INTEGER arrayOutput
On exit: IVALIDi contains the error code for xi, for i=1,2,,N.
IVALIDi=0
No error.
IVALIDi=1
xi0.0, K1xi is undefined. Fi contains 0.0.
IVALIDi=2
xi is too small, there is a danger of overflow. Fi contains zero. The threshold value is the same as for IFAIL=2 in S18ADF, as defined in the Users' Note for your implementation.
5:     IFAIL – INTEGERInput/Output
On entry: IFAIL must be set to 0, -1​ or ​1. If you are unfamiliar with this parameter you should refer to Section 3.3 in the Essential Introduction for details.
For environments where it might be inappropriate to halt program execution when an error is detected, the value -1​ or ​1 is recommended. If the output of error messages is undesirable, then the value 1 is recommended. Otherwise, if you are not familiar with this parameter, the recommended value is 0. When the value -1​ or ​1 is used it is essential to test the value of IFAIL on exit.
On exit: IFAIL=0 unless the routine detects an error or a warning has been flagged (see Section 6).

6  Error Indicators and Warnings

If on entry IFAIL=0 or -1, explanatory error messages are output on the current error message unit (as defined by X04AAF).
Errors or warnings detected by the routine:
IFAIL=1
On entry, at least one value of X was invalid.
Check IVALID for more information.
IFAIL=2
On entry, N=value.
Constraint: N0.

7  Accuracy

Let δ and ε be the relative errors in the argument and result respectively.
If δ is somewhat larger than the machine precision (i.e., if δ is due to data errors etc.), then ε and δ are approximately related by:
ε x K0x- K1x K1x δ.
Figure 1 shows the behaviour of the error amplification factor
xK0x - K1 x K1x .
However if δ is of the same order as the machine precision, then rounding errors could make ε slightly larger than the above relation predicts.
For small x, εδ and there is no amplification of errors.
For large x, εxδ and we have strong amplification of the relative error. Eventually K1, which is asymptotically given by e-xx , becomes so small that it cannot be calculated without underflow and hence the routine will return zero. Note that for large x the errors will be dominated by those of the standard function exp.
Figure 1
Figure 1

8  Further Comments

None.

9  Example

This example reads values of X from a file, evaluates the function at each value of xi and prints the results.

9.1  Program Text

Program Text (s18arfe.f90)

9.2  Program Data

Program Data (s18arfe.d)

9.3  Program Results

Program Results (s18arfe.r)


S18ARF (PDF version)
S Chapter Contents
S Chapter Introduction
NAG Library Manual

© The Numerical Algorithms Group Ltd, Oxford, UK. 2012