NAG Library Routine Document
S30JAF
1 Purpose
S30JAF computes the European option price using the Merton jump-diffusion model.
2 Specification
SUBROUTINE S30JAF ( |
CALPUT, M, N, X, S, T, SIGMA, R, LAMBDA, JVOL, P, LDP, IFAIL) |
INTEGER |
M, N, LDP, IFAIL |
REAL (KIND=nag_wp) |
X(M), S, T(N), SIGMA, R, LAMBDA, JVOL, P(LDP,N) |
CHARACTER(1) |
CALPUT |
|
3 Description
S30JAF uses Merton's jump-diffusion model (
Merton (1976)) to compute the price of a European option. This assumes that the asset price is described by a Brownian motion with drift, as in the Black–Scholes–Merton case, together with a compound Poisson process to model the jumps. The corresponding stochastic differential equation is,
Here α is the instantaneous expected return on the asset price, S; σ^2 is the instantaneous variance of the return when the Poisson event does not occur; dWt is a standard Brownian motion; qt is the independent Poisson process and k=EY-1 where Y-1 is the random variable change in the stock price if the Poisson event occurs and E is the expectation operator over the random variable Y.
This leads to the following price for a European option (see
Haug (2007))
where
T is the time to expiry;
X is the strike price;
r is the annual risk-free interest rate;
CjS,X,T,r,σj′ is the Black–Scholes–Merton option pricing formula for a European call (see
S30AAF).
where
σ is the total volatility including jumps;
λ is the expected number of jumps given as an average per year;
γ is the proportion of the total volatility due to jumps.
The value of a put is obtained by substituting the Black–Scholes–Merton put price for
Cj
S,
X,
T,
r,
σj′
.
4 References
Haug E G (2007)
The Complete Guide to Option Pricing Formulas (2nd Edition) McGraw-Hill
Merton R C (1976) Option pricing when underlying stock returns are discontinuous
Journal of Financial Economics 3 125–144
5 Parameters
- 1: CALPUT – CHARACTER(1)Input
On entry: determines whether the option is a call or a put.
- CALPUT='C'
- A call. The holder has a right to buy.
- CALPUT='P'
- A put. The holder has a right to sell.
Constraint:
CALPUT='C' or 'P'.
- 2: M – INTEGERInput
On entry: the number of strike prices to be used.
Constraint:
M≥1.
- 3: N – INTEGERInput
On entry: the number of times to expiry to be used.
Constraint:
N≥1.
- 4: X(M) – REAL (KIND=nag_wp) arrayInput
On entry: Xi must contain
Xi, the ith strike price, for i=1,2,…,M.
Constraint:
Xi≥z and Xi ≤ 1 / z , where z = X02AMF , the safe range parameter, for i=1,2,…,M.
- 5: S – REAL (KIND=nag_wp)Input
On entry: S, the price of the underlying asset.
Constraint:
S≥z and S≤1.0/z, where z=X02AMF, the safe range parameter.
- 6: T(N) – REAL (KIND=nag_wp) arrayInput
On entry: Ti must contain
Ti, the ith time, in years, to expiry, for i=1,2,…,N.
Constraint:
Ti≥z, where z = X02AMF , the safe range parameter, for i=1,2,…,N.
- 7: SIGMA – REAL (KIND=nag_wp)Input
On entry: σ, the annual total volatility, including jumps.
Constraint:
SIGMA>0.0.
- 8: R – REAL (KIND=nag_wp)Input
On entry: r, the annual risk-free interest rate, continuously compounded. Note that a rate of 5% should be entered as 0.05.
Constraint:
R≥0.0.
- 9: LAMBDA – REAL (KIND=nag_wp)Input
On entry: λ, the number of expected jumps per year.
Constraint:
LAMBDA>0.0.
- 10: JVOL – REAL (KIND=nag_wp)Input
On entry: the proportion of the total volatility associated with jumps.
Constraint:
0.0≤JVOL<1.0.
- 11: P(LDP,N) – REAL (KIND=nag_wp) arrayOutput
On exit: the leading
M×N part of the array
P contains the computed option prices.
- 12: LDP – INTEGERInput
On entry: the first dimension of the array
P as declared in the (sub)program from which S30JAF is called.
Constraint:
LDP≥M.
- 13: IFAIL – INTEGERInput/Output
-
On entry:
IFAIL must be set to
0,
-1 or 1. If you are unfamiliar with this parameter you should refer to
Section 3.3 in the Essential Introduction for details.
For environments where it might be inappropriate to halt program execution when an error is detected, the value
-1 or 1 is recommended. If the output of error messages is undesirable, then the value
1 is recommended. Otherwise, if you are not familiar with this parameter, the recommended value is
0.
When the value -1 or 1 is used it is essential to test the value of IFAIL on exit.
On exit:
IFAIL=0 unless the routine detects an error or a warning has been flagged (see
Section 6).
6 Error Indicators and Warnings
If on entry
IFAIL=0 or
-1, explanatory error messages are output on the current error message unit (as defined by
X04AAF).
Errors or warnings detected by the routine:
- IFAIL=1
On entry, CALPUT≠'C' or 'P'.
- IFAIL=2
On entry, M≤0.
- IFAIL=3
On entry, N≤0.
- IFAIL=4
On entry, Xi<z or Xi>1/z, where z=X02AMF, the safe range parameter.
- IFAIL=5
On entry, S<z or S>1.0/z, where z=X02AMF, the safe range parameter.
- IFAIL=6
On entry, Ti<z, where z=X02AMF, the safe range parameter.
- IFAIL=7
On entry, SIGMA≤0.0.
- IFAIL=8
On entry, R<0.0.
- IFAIL=9
On entry, LAMBDA≤0.0.
- IFAIL=10
On entry, JVOL<0.0 or JVOL≥1.0.
- IFAIL=12
On entry, LDP<M.
7 Accuracy
The accuracy of the output is dependent on the accuracy of the cumulative Normal distribution function,
Φ, occurring in
Cj. This is evaluated using a rational Chebyshev expansion, chosen so that the maximum relative error in the expansion is of the order of the
machine precision (see
S15ABF and
S15ADF). An accuracy close to
machine precision can generally be expected.
8 Further Comments
None.
9 Example
This example computes the price of a European call with jumps. The time to expiry is 3 months, the stock price is 45 and the strike price is 55. The number of jumps per year is 3 and the percentage of the total volatility due to jumps is 40%. The risk-free interest rate is 10% per year and the total volatility is 25% per year.
9.1 Program Text
Program Text (s30jafe.f90)
9.2 Program Data
Program Data (s30jafe.d)
9.3 Program Results
Program Results (s30jafe.r)