C05PBF/C05PBA (PDF version)
C05 Chapter Contents
C05 Chapter Introduction
NAG Library Manual

NAG Library Routine Document

C05PBF/C05PBA

Note:  before using this routine, please read the Users' Note for your implementation to check the interpretation of bold italicised terms and other implementation-dependent details.

+ Contents

    1  Purpose
    7  Accuracy

1  Purpose

C05PBF/C05PBA is an easy-to-use routine that finds a solution of a system of nonlinear equations by a modification of the Powell hybrid method. You must provide the Jacobian.

2  Specification

2.1  Specification for C05PBF

SUBROUTINE C05PBF ( FCN, N, X, FVEC, FJAC, LDFJAC, XTOL, WA, LWA, IFAIL)
INTEGER  N, LDFJAC, LWA, IFAIL
REAL (KIND=nag_wp)  X(N), FVEC(N), FJAC(LDFJAC,N), XTOL, WA(1)
EXTERNAL  FCN

2.2  Specification for C05PBA

SUBROUTINE C05PBA ( FCN, N, X, FVEC, FJAC, LDFJAC, XTOL, WA, LWA, IUSER, RUSER, IFAIL)
INTEGER  N, LDFJAC, LWA, IUSER(*), IFAIL
REAL (KIND=nag_wp)  X(N), FVEC(N), FJAC(LDFJAC,N), XTOL, WA(1), RUSER(*)
EXTERNAL  FCN

3  Description

The system of equations is defined as:
fi x1,x2,,xn = 0 ,   for ​ i= 1, 2, , n .
C05PBF/C05PBA is based on the MINPACK routine HYBRJ1 (see Moré et al. (1980)). It chooses the correction at each step as a convex combination of the Newton and scaled gradient directions. The Jacobian is updated by the rank-1 method of Broyden. At the starting point, the Jacobian is calculated, but it is not recalculated until the rank-1 method fails to produce satisfactory progress. For more details see Powell (1970).

4  References

Moré J J, Garbow B S and Hillstrom K E (1980) User guide for MINPACK-1 Technical Report ANL-80-74 Argonne National Laboratory
Powell M J D (1970) A hybrid method for nonlinear algebraic equations Numerical Methods for Nonlinear Algebraic Equations (ed P Rabinowitz) Gordon and Breach

5  Parameters

1:     FCN – SUBROUTINE, supplied by the user.External Procedure
Depending upon the value of IFLAG, FCN must either return the values of the functions fi  at a point x or return the Jacobian at x.
The specification of FCN for C05PBF is:
SUBROUTINE FCN ( N, X, FVEC, FJAC, LDFJAC, IFLAG)
INTEGER  N, LDFJAC, IFLAG
REAL (KIND=nag_wp)  X(N), FVEC(N), FJAC(LDFJAC,N)
The specification of FCN for C05PBA is:
SUBROUTINE FCN ( N, X, FVEC, FJAC, LDFJAC, IFLAG, IUSER, RUSER)
INTEGER  N, LDFJAC, IFLAG, IUSER(*)
REAL (KIND=nag_wp)  X(N), FVEC(N), FJAC(LDFJAC,N), RUSER(*)
1:     N – INTEGERInput
On entry: n, the number of equations.
2:     X(N) – REAL (KIND=nag_wp) arrayInput
On entry: the components of the point x at which the functions or the Jacobian must be evaluated.
3:     FVEC(N) – REAL (KIND=nag_wp) arrayInput/Output
On entry: if IFLAG=2 , FVEC contains the function values fix  and must not be changed.
On exit: if IFLAG=1  on entry, FVEC must contain the function values fix  (unless IFLAG is set to a negative value by FCN).
4:     FJAC(LDFJAC,N) – REAL (KIND=nag_wp) arrayInput/Output
On entry: if IFLAG=1 , FJAC contains the value of fi xj  at the point x, for i=1,2,,n and j=1,2,,n, and must not be changed.
On exit: if IFLAG=2  on entry, FJACij  must contain the value of fi xj  at the point x, for i=1,2,,n and j=1,2,,n, (unless IFLAG is set to a negative value by FCN).
5:     LDFJAC – INTEGERInput
On entry: the first dimension of the array FJAC as declared in the (sub)program from which C05PBF/C05PBA is called.
6:     IFLAG – INTEGERInput/Output
On entry: IFLAG=1 or 2.
IFLAG=1
FVEC is to be updated.
IFLAG=2
FJAC is to be updated.
On exit: in general, IFLAG should not be reset by FCN. If, however, you wish to terminate execution (perhaps because some illegal point X has been reached), then IFLAG should be set to a negative integer. This value will be returned through IFAIL.
Note: the following are additional parameters for specific use with C05PBA. Users of C05PBF therefore need not read the remainder of this description.
7:     IUSER(*) – INTEGER arrayUser Workspace
8:     RUSER(*) – REAL (KIND=nag_wp) arrayUser Workspace
FCN is called with the parameters IUSER and RUSER as supplied to C05PBF/C05PBA. You are free to use the arrays IUSER and RUSER to supply information to FCN as an alternative to using COMMON global variables.
FCN must either be a module subprogram USEd by, or declared as EXTERNAL in, the (sub)program from which C05PBF/C05PBA is called. Parameters denoted as Input must not be changed by this procedure.
2:     N – INTEGERInput
On entry: n, the number of equations.
Constraint: N>0 .
3:     X(N) – REAL (KIND=nag_wp) arrayInput/Output
On entry: an initial guess at the solution vector.
On exit: the final estimate of the solution vector.
4:     FVEC(N) – REAL (KIND=nag_wp) arrayOutput
On exit: the function values at the final point returned in X.
5:     FJAC(LDFJAC,N) – REAL (KIND=nag_wp) arrayOutput
On exit: the orthogonal matrix Q produced by the QR  factorisation of the final approximate Jacobian.
6:     LDFJAC – INTEGERInput
On entry: the first dimension of the array FJAC as declared in the (sub)program from which C05PBF/C05PBA is called.
Constraint: LDFJACN .
7:     XTOL – REAL (KIND=nag_wp)Input
On entry: the accuracy in X to which the solution is required.
Suggested value: ε, where ε is the machine precision returned by X02AJF.
Constraint: XTOL0.0 .
8:     WA(1) – REAL (KIND=nag_wp) arrayInput
9:     LWA – INTEGERInput
These parameters are no longer accessed by C05PBF/C05PBA. Workspace is provided internally by dynamic allocation instead.
10:   IFAIL – INTEGERInput/Output
Note: for C05PBA, IFAIL does not occur in this position in the parameter list. See the additional parameters described below.
On entry: IFAIL must be set to 0, -1​ or ​1. If you are unfamiliar with this parameter you should refer to Section 3.3 in the Essential Introduction for details.
For environments where it might be inappropriate to halt program execution when an error is detected, the value -1​ or ​1 is recommended. If the output of error messages is undesirable, then the value 1 is recommended. Otherwise, if you are not familiar with this parameter, the recommended value is 0. When the value -1​ or ​1 is used it is essential to test the value of IFAIL on exit.
On exit: IFAIL=0 unless the routine detects an error or a warning has been flagged (see Section 6).
Note: the following are additional parameters for specific use with C05PBA. Users of C05PBF therefore need not read the remainder of this description.
10:   IUSER(*) – INTEGER arrayUser Workspace
11:   RUSER(*) – REAL (KIND=nag_wp) arrayUser Workspace
IUSER and RUSER are not used by C05PBF/C05PBA, but are passed directly to FCN and may be used to pass information to this routine as an alternative to using COMMON global variables.
12:   IFAIL – INTEGERInput/Output
Note: see the parameter description for IFAIL above.

6  Error Indicators and Warnings

If on entry IFAIL=0 or -1, explanatory error messages are output on the current error message unit (as defined by X04AAF).
Errors or warnings detected by the routine:
IFAIL<0
A negative value of IFAIL indicates an exit from C05PBF/C05PBA because you have set IFLAG negative in FCN. The value of IFAIL will be the same as your setting of IFLAG.
IFAIL=1
On entry, N0 ,
or LDFJAC<N ,
or XTOL<0.0 ,
IFAIL=2
There have been 100 × N+1  evaluations of the functions. Consider restarting the calculation from the final point held in X.
IFAIL=3
No further improvement in the approximate solution X is possible; XTOL is too small.
IFAIL=4
The iteration is not making good progress. This failure exit may indicate that the system does not have a zero, or that the solution is very close to the origin (see Section 7). Otherwise, rerunning C05PBF/C05PBA from a different starting point may avoid the region of difficulty.
IFAIL=-999
Internal memory allocation failed.

7  Accuracy

If x^  is the true solution, C05PBF/C05PBA tries to ensure that
x-x^ 2 XTOL × x^ 2 .
If this condition is satisfied with XTOL = 10-k , then the larger components of x have k significant decimal digits. There is a danger that the smaller components of x may have large relative errors, but the fast rate of convergence of C05PBF/C05PBA usually obviates this possibility.
If XTOL is less than machine precision and the above test is satisfied with the machine precision in place of XTOL, then the routine exits with IFAIL=3.
Note:  this convergence test is based purely on relative error, and may not indicate convergence if the solution is very close to the origin.
The test assumes that the functions and the Jacobian are coded consistently and that the functions are reasonably well behaved. If these conditions are not satisfied, then C05PBF/C05PBA may incorrectly indicate convergence. The coding of the Jacobian can be checked using C05ZAF. If the Jacobian is coded correctly, then the validity of the answer can be checked by rerunning C05PBF/C05PBA with a lower value for XTOL.

8  Further Comments

Local workspace arrays of fixed lengths are allocated internally by C05PBF/C05PBA. The total size of these arrays amounts to N×N+13/2 real elements.
The time required by C05PBF/C05PBA to solve a given problem depends on n, the behaviour of the functions, the accuracy requested and the starting point. The number of arithmetic operations executed by C05PBF/C05PBA is about 11.5×n2  to process each evaluation of the functions and about 1.3×n3  to process each evaluation of the Jacobian. Unless FCN can be evaluated quickly, the timing of C05PBF/C05PBA will be strongly influenced by the time spent in FCN.
Ideally the problem should be scaled so that, at the solution, the function values are of comparable magnitude.

9  Example

This example determines the values x1 , , x9  which satisfy the tridiagonal equations:
3-2x1x1-2x2 = -1, -xi-1+3-2xixi-2xi+1 = -1,  i=2,3,,8 -x8+3-2x9x9 = -1.

9.1  Program Text

Program Text (c05pbfe.f90)

Program Text (c05pbae.f90)

9.2  Program Data

None.

9.3  Program Results

Program Results (c05pbfe.r)

Program Results (c05pbae.r)


C05PBF/C05PBA (PDF version)
C05 Chapter Contents
C05 Chapter Introduction
NAG Library Manual

© The Numerical Algorithms Group Ltd, Oxford, UK. 2012