G02 Chapter Contents
G02 Chapter Introduction
NAG Library Manual

# NAG Library Routine DocumentG02CAF

Note:  before using this routine, please read the Users' Note for your implementation to check the interpretation of bold italicised terms and other implementation-dependent details.

## 1  Purpose

G02CAF performs a simple linear regression with dependent variable $y$ and independent variable $x$.

## 2  Specification

 SUBROUTINE G02CAF ( N, X, Y, RESULT, IFAIL)
 INTEGER N, IFAIL REAL (KIND=nag_wp) X(N), Y(N), RESULT(20)

## 3  Description

G02CAF fits a straight line of the form
 $y=a+bx$
to the data points
 $x1,y1,x2,y2,…,xn,yn,$
such that
 $yi=a+bxi+ei, i=1,2,…,nn>2.$
The routine calculates the regression coefficient, $b$, the regression constant, $a$ (and various other statistical quantities) by minimizing
 $∑i=1nei2.$
The input data consist of the $n$ pairs of observations
 $x1,y1,x2,y2,…,xn,yn$
on the independent variable $x$ and the dependent variable $y$.
The quantities calculated are:
(a) Means:
 $x-=1n∑i=1nxi; y-=1n∑i=1nyi.$
(b) Standard deviations:
 $sx=1n- 1 ∑i= 1n xi-x- 2; sy=1n- 1 ∑i= 1n yi-y- 2.$
(c) Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient:
 $r=∑i=1nxi-x-yi-y- ∑i=1n xi-x- 2∑i=1n yi-y- 2 .$
(d) The regression coefficient, $b$, and the regression constant, $a$:
 $b=∑i=1nxi-x-yi-y- ∑i=1n xi-x- 2 ;a=y--bx-.$
(e) The sum of squares attributable to the regression, $\mathrm{SSR}$, the sum of squares of deviations about the regression, $\mathrm{SSD}$, and the total sum of squares, $\mathrm{SST}$:
 $SST=∑i=1n yi-y- 2;SSD=∑i=1n yi-a-bxi 2;SSR=SST-SSD.$
(f) The degrees of freedom attributable to the regression, $\mathrm{DFR}$, the degrees of freedom of deviations about the regression, $\mathrm{DFD}$, and the total degrees of freedom, $\mathrm{DFT}$:
 $DFT=n-1; ​DFD=n-2; ​DFR=1.$
(g) The mean square attributable to the regression, $\mathrm{MSR}$, and the mean square of deviations about the regression, $\mathrm{MSD}$:
 $MSR=SSR/DFR;MSD=SSD/DFD.$
(h) The $F$ value for the analysis of variance:
 $F=MSR/MSD.$
(i) The standard error of the regression coefficient, $se\left(b\right)$, and the standard error of the regression constant, $se\left(a\right)$:
 $seb=MSD∑i=1n xi-x- 2 ; sea=MSD 1n+x-2 ∑i=1n xi-x- 2 .$
(j) The $t$ value for the regression coefficient, $t\left(b\right)$, and the $t$ value for the regression constant, $t\left(a\right)$:
 $tb=bseb ; ta=asea .$

## 4  References

Draper N R and Smith H (1985) Applied Regression Analysis (2nd Edition) Wiley

## 5  Arguments

1:     $\mathrm{N}$ – INTEGERInput
On entry: $n$, the number of pairs of observations.
Constraint: ${\mathbf{N}}>2$.
2:     $\mathrm{X}\left({\mathbf{N}}\right)$ – REAL (KIND=nag_wp) arrayInput
On entry: ${\mathbf{X}}\left(\mathit{i}\right)$ must contain ${x}_{\mathit{i}}$, for $\mathit{i}=1,2,\dots ,n$.
3:     $\mathrm{Y}\left({\mathbf{N}}\right)$ – REAL (KIND=nag_wp) arrayInput
On entry: ${\mathbf{Y}}\left(\mathit{i}\right)$ must contain ${y}_{\mathit{i}}$, for $\mathit{i}=1,2,\dots ,n$.
4:     $\mathrm{RESULT}\left(20\right)$ – REAL (KIND=nag_wp) arrayOutput
On exit: the following information:
 ${\mathbf{RESULT}}\left(1\right)$ $\stackrel{-}{x}$, the mean value of the independent variable, $x$; ${\mathbf{RESULT}}\left(2\right)$ $\stackrel{-}{y}$, the mean value of the dependent variable, $y$; ${\mathbf{RESULT}}\left(3\right)$ ${s}_{x}$ the standard deviation of the independent variable, $x$; ${\mathbf{RESULT}}\left(4\right)$ ${s}_{y}$ the standard deviation of the dependent variable, $y$; ${\mathbf{RESULT}}\left(5\right)$ $r$, the Pearson product-moment correlation between the independent variable $x$ and the dependent variable $y$; ${\mathbf{RESULT}}\left(6\right)$ $b$, the regression coefficient; ${\mathbf{RESULT}}\left(7\right)$ $a$, the regression constant; ${\mathbf{RESULT}}\left(8\right)$ $se\left(b\right)$, the standard error of the regression coefficient; ${\mathbf{RESULT}}\left(9\right)$ $se\left(a\right)$, the standard error of the regression constant; ${\mathbf{RESULT}}\left(10\right)$ $t\left(b\right)$, the $t$ value for the regression coefficient; ${\mathbf{RESULT}}\left(11\right)$ $t\left(a\right)$, the $t$ value for the regression constant; ${\mathbf{RESULT}}\left(12\right)$ $\mathrm{SSR}$, the sum of squares attributable to the regression; ${\mathbf{RESULT}}\left(13\right)$ $\mathrm{DFR}$, the degrees of freedom attributable to the regression; ${\mathbf{RESULT}}\left(14\right)$ $\mathrm{MSR}$, the mean square attributable to the regression; ${\mathbf{RESULT}}\left(15\right)$ $F$, the $F$ value for the analysis of variance; ${\mathbf{RESULT}}\left(16\right)$ $\mathrm{SSD}$, the sum of squares of deviations about the regression; ${\mathbf{RESULT}}\left(17\right)$ $\mathrm{DFD}$, the degrees of freedom of deviations about the regression ${\mathbf{RESULT}}\left(18\right)$ $\mathrm{MSD}$, the mean square of deviations about the regression; ${\mathbf{RESULT}}\left(19\right)$ $\mathrm{SST}$, the total sum of squares; ${\mathbf{RESULT}}\left(20\right)$ DFT, the total degrees of freedom.
5:     $\mathrm{IFAIL}$ – INTEGERInput/Output
On entry: IFAIL must be set to $0$, $-1\text{​ or ​}1$. If you are unfamiliar with this argument you should refer to Section 3.4 in How to Use the NAG Library and its Documentation for details.
For environments where it might be inappropriate to halt program execution when an error is detected, the value $-1\text{​ or ​}1$ is recommended. If the output of error messages is undesirable, then the value $1$ is recommended. Otherwise, if you are not familiar with this argument, the recommended value is $0$. When the value $-\mathbf{1}\text{​ or ​}\mathbf{1}$ is used it is essential to test the value of IFAIL on exit.
On exit: ${\mathbf{IFAIL}}={\mathbf{0}}$ unless the routine detects an error or a warning has been flagged (see Section 6).

## 6  Error Indicators and Warnings

If on entry ${\mathbf{IFAIL}}=0$ or $-1$, explanatory error messages are output on the current error message unit (as defined by X04AAF).
Errors or warnings detected by the routine:
${\mathbf{IFAIL}}=1$
 On entry, ${\mathbf{N}}\le 2$.
${\mathbf{IFAIL}}=2$
 On entry, all N values of at least one of the variables $x$ and $y$ are identical.
${\mathbf{IFAIL}}=-99$
See Section 3.9 in How to Use the NAG Library and its Documentation for further information.
${\mathbf{IFAIL}}=-399$
Your licence key may have expired or may not have been installed correctly.
See Section 3.8 in How to Use the NAG Library and its Documentation for further information.
${\mathbf{IFAIL}}=-999$
Dynamic memory allocation failed.
See Section 3.7 in How to Use the NAG Library and its Documentation for further information.

## 7  Accuracy

G02CAF does not use additional precision arithmetic for the accumulation of scalar products, so there may be a loss of significant figures for large $n$.
If, in calculating $F$, $t\left(a\right)$ or $t\left(b\right)$  (see Section 3), the numbers involved are such that the result would be outside the range of numbers which can be stored by the machine, then the answer is set to the largest quantity which can be stored as a real variable, by means of a call to X02ALF.

## 8  Parallelism and Performance

G02CAF is not threaded in any implementation.

The time taken by G02CAF depends on $n$.
The routine uses a two-pass algorithm.

## 10  Example

This example reads in eight observations on each of two variables, and then performs a simple linear regression with the first variable as the independent variable, and the second variable as the dependent variable. Finally the results are printed.

### 10.1  Program Text

Program Text (g02cafe.f90)

### 10.2  Program Data

Program Data (g02cafe.d)

### 10.3  Program Results

Program Results (g02cafe.r)