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NAG Toolbox: nag_opt_bounds_mod_deriv2_easy (e04ly)

 Contents

    1  Purpose
    2  Syntax
    7  Accuracy
    9  Example

Purpose

nag_opt_bounds_mod_deriv2_easy (e04ly) is an easy-to-use modified-Newton algorithm for finding a minimum of a function, Fx1,x2,,xn subject to fixed upper and lower bounds on the independent variables, x1,x2,,xn when first and second derivatives of F are available. It is intended for functions which are continuous and which have continuous first and second derivatives (although it will usually work even if the derivatives have occasional discontinuities).

Syntax

[bl, bu, x, f, g, user, ifail] = e04ly(ibound, funct2, hess2, bl, bu, x, 'n', n, 'user', user)
[bl, bu, x, f, g, user, ifail] = nag_opt_bounds_mod_deriv2_easy(ibound, funct2, hess2, bl, bu, x, 'n', n, 'user', user)

Description

nag_opt_bounds_mod_deriv2_easy (e04ly) is applicable to problems of the form:
MinimizeFx1,x2,,xn  subject to  ljxjuj,  j=1,2,,n  
when first and second derivatives of Fx are available.
Special provision is made for problems which actually have no bounds on the xj, problems which have only non-negativity bounds and problems in which l1=l2==ln and u1=u2==un. You must supply a function to calculate the values of Fx and its first derivatives at any point x and a function to calculate the second derivatives.
From a starting point you supplied there is generated, on the basis of estimates of the curvature of Fx, a sequence of feasible points which is intended to converge to a local minimum of the constrained function.

References

Gill P E and Murray W (1976) Minimization subject to bounds on the variables NPL Report NAC 72 National Physical Laboratory

Parameters

Compulsory Input Parameters

1:     ibound int64int32nag_int scalar
Indicates whether the facility for dealing with bounds of special forms is to be used. It must be set to one of the following values:
ibound=0
If you are supplying all the lj and uj individually.
ibound=1
If there are no bounds on any xj.
ibound=2
If all the bounds are of the form 0xj.
ibound=3
If l1=l2==ln and u1=u2==un.
Constraint: 0ibound3.
2:     funct2 – function handle or string containing name of m-file
You must supply this function to calculate the values of the function Fx and its first derivatives F xj  at any point x. It should be tested separately before being used in conjunction with nag_opt_bounds_mod_deriv2_easy (e04ly) (see the E04 Chapter Introduction).
[fc, gc, user] = funct2(n, xc, user)

Input Parameters

1:     n int64int32nag_int scalar
The number n of variables.
2:     xcn – double array
The point x at which the function and its derivatives are required.
3:     user – Any MATLAB object
funct2 is called from nag_opt_bounds_mod_deriv2_easy (e04ly) with the object supplied to nag_opt_bounds_mod_deriv2_easy (e04ly).

Output Parameters

1:     fc – double scalar
The value of the function F at the current point x.
2:     gcn – double array
gcj must be set to the value of the first derivative F xj at the point x, for j=1,2,,n.
3:     user – Any MATLAB object
3:     hess2 – function handle or string containing name of m-file
You must supply this function to evaluate the elements Hij= 2F xixj  of the matrix of second derivatives of Fx at any point x. It should be tested separately before being used in conjunction with nag_opt_bounds_mod_deriv2_easy (e04ly) (see the E04 Chapter Introduction).
[heslc, hesdc, user] = hess2(n, xc, lh, user)

Input Parameters

1:     n int64int32nag_int scalar
The number n of variables.
2:     xcn – double array
The point x at which the derivatives are required.
3:     lh int64int32nag_int scalar
The length of the array heslc.
4:     user – Any MATLAB object
hess2 is called from nag_opt_bounds_mod_deriv2_easy (e04ly) with the object supplied to nag_opt_bounds_mod_deriv2_easy (e04ly).

Output Parameters

1:     heslclh – double array
hess2 must place the strict lower triangle of the second derivative matrix H in heslc, stored by rows, i.e., set heslci-1i-2/2+j= 2F xixj , for i=2,3,,n and j=1,2,,i-1. (The upper triangle is not required because the matrix is symmetric.)
2:     hesdcn – double array
Must contain the diagonal elements of the second derivative matrix, i.e., set hesdcj= 2F xj2 , for j=1,2,,n.
3:     user – Any MATLAB object
4:     bln – double array
The lower bounds lj.
If ibound is set to 0, blj must be set to lj, for j=1,2,,n. (If a lower bound is not specified for any xj, the corresponding blj should be set to -106.)
If ibound is set to 3, you must set bl1 to l1; nag_opt_bounds_mod_deriv2_easy (e04ly) will then set the remaining elements of bl equal to bl1.
5:     bun – double array
The upper bounds uj.
If ibound is set to 0, buj must be set to uj, for j=1,2,,n. (If an upper bound is not specified for any xj the corresponding buj should be set to 106.)
If ibound is set to 3, you must set bu1 to u1; nag_opt_bounds_mod_deriv2_easy (e04ly) will then set the remaining elements of bu equal to bu1.
6:     xn – double array
xj must be set to a guess at the jth component of the position of the minimum, for j=1,2,,n. The function checks the gradient and the Hessian matrix at the starting point, and is more likely to detect any error in your programming if the initial xj are nonzero and mutually distinct.

Optional Input Parameters

1:     n int64int32nag_int scalar
Default: the dimension of the arrays bl, bu, x. (An error is raised if these dimensions are not equal.)
The number n of independent variables.
Constraint: n1.
2:     user – Any MATLAB object
user is not used by nag_opt_bounds_mod_deriv2_easy (e04ly), but is passed to funct2 and hess2. Note that for large objects it may be more efficient to use a global variable which is accessible from the m-files than to use user.

Output Parameters

1:     bln – double array
The lower bounds actually used by nag_opt_bounds_mod_deriv2_easy (e04ly).
2:     bun – double array
The upper bounds actually used by nag_opt_bounds_mod_deriv2_easy (e04ly).
3:     xn – double array
The lowest point found during the calculations. Thus, if ifail=0 on exit, xj is the jth component of the position of the minimum.
4:     f – double scalar
The value of Fx corresponding to the final point stored in x.
5:     gn – double array
The value of F xj corresponding to the final point stored in x, for j=1,2,,n; the value of gj for variables not on a bound should normally be close to zero.
6:     user – Any MATLAB object
7:     ifail int64int32nag_int scalar
ifail=0 unless the function detects an error (see Error Indicators and Warnings).

Error Indicators and Warnings

Note: nag_opt_bounds_mod_deriv2_easy (e04ly) may return useful information for one or more of the following detected errors or warnings.
Errors or warnings detected by the function:

Cases prefixed with W are classified as warnings and do not generate an error of type NAG:error_n. See nag_issue_warnings.

   ifail=1
On entry,n<1,
oribound<0,
oribound>3,
oribound=0 and blj>buj for some j,
oribound=3 and bl1>bu1,
orliw<n+2,
orlw<max10,n×n+7.
   ifail=2
There have been 50×n function evaluations, yet the algorithm does not seem to be converging. The calculations can be restarted from the final point held in x. The error may also indicate that Fx has no minimum.
W  ifail=3
The conditions for a minimum have not all been met but a lower point could not be found and the algorithm has failed.
   ifail=4
Not used. (This value of the argument is included so as to make the significance of ifail=5 etc. consistent in the easy-to-use functions.)
W  ifail=5
W  ifail=6
W  ifail=7
W  ifail=8
There is some doubt about whether the point x found by nag_opt_bounds_mod_deriv2_easy (e04ly) is a minimum. The degree of confidence in the result decreases as ifail increases. Thus, when ifail=5 it is probable that the final x gives a good estimate of the position of a minimum, but when ifail=8 it is very unlikely that the function has found a minimum.
   ifail=9
In the search for a minimum, the modulus of one of the variables has become very large 106. This indicates that there is a mistake in user-supplied functions funct2 or hess2, that your problem has no finite solution, or that the problem needs rescaling (see Further Comments).
   ifail=10
It is very likely that you have made an error in forming the gradient.
   ifail=11
It is very likely that you have made an error in forming the second derivatives.
   ifail=-99
An unexpected error has been triggered by this routine. Please contact NAG.
   ifail=-399
Your licence key may have expired or may not have been installed correctly.
   ifail=-999
Dynamic memory allocation failed.
If you are dissatisfied with the result (e.g., because ifail=5, 6, 7 or 8), it is worth restarting the calculations from a different starting point (not the point at which the failure occurred) in order to avoid the region which caused the failure.

Accuracy

When a successful exit is made then, for a computer with a mantissa of t decimals, one would expect to get about t/2-1 decimals accuracy in x, and about t-1 decimals accuracy in F, provided the problem is reasonably well scaled.

Further Comments

The number of iterations required depends on the number of variables, the behaviour of Fx and the distance of the starting point from the solution. The number of operations performed in an iteration of nag_opt_bounds_mod_deriv2_easy (e04ly) is roughly proportional to n3+On2. In addition, each iteration makes one call of hess2 and at least one call of funct2. So, unless Fx, the gradient vector and the matrix of second derivatives can be evaluated very quickly, the run time will be dominated by the time spent in user-supplied functions funct2 and hess2.
Ideally the problem should be scaled so that at the solution the value of Fx and the corresponding values of x1,x2,xn are each in the range -1,+1, and so that at points a unit distance away from the solution, F is approximately a unit value greater than at the minimum. It is unlikely that you will be able to follow these recommendations very closely, but it is worth trying (by guesswork), as sensible scaling will reduce the difficulty of the minimization problem, so that nag_opt_bounds_mod_deriv2_easy (e04ly) will take less computer time.

Example

A program to minimize
F= x1+10x2 2+5 x3-x4 2+ x2-2x3 4+10 x1-x4 4  
subject to
1 x1 3 -2 x2 0 1 x4 3.  
starting from the initial guess 3,-1,0,1 . (In practice, it is worth trying to make user-supplied functions funct2 and hess2 as efficient as possible. This has not been done in the example program for reasons of clarity.)
function e04ly_example


fprintf('e04ly example results\n\n');

bl = [ 1; -2; -1000000; 1];
bu = [ 3;  0;  1000000; 3];
x  = [ 3; -1;        0; 1];
ibound = int64(0);
% Catch warnings and assume ifail=3,5 gives a good estimate
wstat = warning();
warning('OFF');
[bl, bu, x, f, g, user, ifail] = e04ly(ibound, @funct2, @hess2, bl, bu, x);
warning(wstat);
if (ifail == 0 || ifail == 5 | ifail == 3)
  fprintf('Minimum found at x: ');
  fprintf(' %9.4f',x);
  fprintf('\nGradients at x,  g: ');
  fprintf(' %9.4f',g);
  fprintf('\nMinimum value     :  %9.4f\n\n',f);
else   
  fprintf('\n Error: e04ly returns ifail = %d\n',ifail);
end



function [fc, gc, user] = funct2(n, xc, user)
  gc = zeros(n, 1);
  fc = 0;
  x1 = xc(1) + 10*xc(2);
  x2 = xc(3) -    xc(4);
  x3 = xc(2) -  2*xc(3);
  x4 = xc(1) -    xc(4);
  fc = x1^2 + 5*x2^2 + x3^4 + 10*x4^4;
  gc(1) =   2*x1 + 40*x4^3;
  gc(2) =  20*x1 +  4*x3^3;
  gc(3) =  10*x2 -  8*x3^3;
  gc(4) = -10*x2 - 40*x4^3;

function [fhesl, fhesd, user] = hess2(n, xc, lh, user)
  fhesl = zeros(lh, 1);
  fhesd = zeros(n, 1);

  x3 = xc(2) -  2*xc(3);
  x4 = xc(1) -    xc(4);
  fhesd(1) =    2 + 120*x4^2;
  fhesd(2) =  200 +  12*x3^2;
  fhesd(3) =   10 +  48*x3^2;
  fhesd(4) =   10 + 120*x4^2;
  fhesl(1) =   20;
  fhesl(2) =    0;
  fhesl(3) =  -24*x3^2;
  fhesl(4) = -120*x4^2;
  fhesl(5) =    0;
  fhesl(6) =  -10;
e04ly example results

Minimum found at x:     1.0000   -0.0852    0.4093    1.0000
Gradients at x,  g:     0.2953   -0.0000    0.0000    5.9070
Minimum value     :     2.4338


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