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NAG Toolbox: nag_eigen_complex_triang_svd (f02xu)

 Contents

    1  Purpose
    2  Syntax
    7  Accuracy
    9  Example

Purpose

nag_eigen_complex_triang_svd (f02xu) returns all, or part, of the singular value decomposition of a complex upper triangular matrix.

Syntax

[a, b, q, sv, rwork, ifail] = f02xu(a, b, wantq, wantp, 'n', n, 'ncolb', ncolb)
[a, b, q, sv, rwork, ifail] = nag_eigen_complex_triang_svd(a, b, wantq, wantp, 'n', n, 'ncolb', ncolb)

Description

The n by n upper triangular matrix R is factorized as
R=QSPH,  
where Q and P are n by n unitary matrices and S is an n by n diagonal matrix with real non-negative diagonal elements, sv1,sv2,,svn, ordered such that
sv1sv2svn0.  
The columns of Q are the left-hand singular vectors of R, the diagonal elements of S are the singular values of R and the columns of P are the right-hand singular vectors of R.
Either or both of Q and PH may be requested and the matrix C given by
C=QHB,  
where B is an n by ncolb given matrix, may also be requested.
nag_eigen_complex_triang_svd (f02xu) obtains the singular value decomposition by first reducing R to bidiagonal form by means of Givens plane rotations and then using the QR algorithm to obtain the singular value decomposition of the bidiagonal form.
Good background descriptions to the singular value decomposition are given in Dongarra et al. (1979), Hammarling (1985) and Wilkinson (1978).
Note that if K is any unitary diagonal matrix so that
KKH=I,  
then
A=QKSPKH  
is also a singular value decomposition of A.

References

Dongarra J J, Moler C B, Bunch J R and Stewart G W (1979) LINPACK Users' Guide SIAM, Philadelphia
Hammarling S (1985) The singular value decomposition in multivariate statistics SIGNUM Newsl. 20(3) 2–25
Wilkinson J H (1978) Singular Value Decomposition – Basic Aspects Numerical Software – Needs and Availability (ed D A H Jacobs) Academic Press

Parameters

Compulsory Input Parameters

1:     alda: – complex array
The first dimension of the array a must be at least max1,n.
The second dimension of the array a must be at least max1,n.
The leading n by n upper triangular part of the array a must contain the upper triangular matrix R.
2:     bldb: – complex array
The first dimension, ldb, of the array b must satisfy
  • if ncolb>0, ldbmax1,n;
  • otherwise ldb1.
The second dimension of the array b must be at least max1,ncolb.
If ncolb>0, the leading n by ncolb part of the array b must contain the matrix to be transformed.
3:     wantq – logical scalar
Must be true if the matrix Q is required.
If wantq=false then the array q is not referenced.
4:     wantp – logical scalar
Must be true if the matrix PH is required, in which case PH is returned in the array a, otherwise wantp must be false.

Optional Input Parameters

1:     n int64int32nag_int scalar
Default: the first dimension of the array a and the second dimension of the array a.
n, the order of the matrix R.
If n=0, an immediate return is effected.
Constraint: n0.
2:     ncolb int64int32nag_int scalar
Default: the second dimension of the array b.
ncolb, the number of columns of the matrix B.
If ncolb=0, the array b is not referenced.
Constraint: ncolb0.

Output Parameters

1:     alda: – complex array
The first dimension of the array a will be max1,n.
The second dimension of the array a will be max1,n.
If wantp=true, the n by n part of a will contain the n by n unitary matrix PH, otherwise the n by n upper triangular part of a is used as internal workspace, but the strictly lower triangular part of a is not referenced.
2:     bldb: – complex array
The first dimension, ldb, of the array b will be
  • if ncolb>0, ldb=max1,n;
  • otherwise ldb=1.
The second dimension of the array b will be max1,ncolb.
Stores the n by ncolb matrix QHB.
3:     qldq: – complex array
The first dimension, ldq, of the array q will be
  • if wantq=true, ldq=max1,n;
  • otherwise ldq=1.
The second dimension of the array q will be max1,n if wantq=true and 1 otherwise.
If wantq=true, the leading n by n part of the array q will contain the unitary matrix Q. Otherwise the array q is not referenced.
4:     svn – double array
The n diagonal elements of the matrix S.
5:     rwork: – double array
The dimension of the array rwork will be max1,2×n-1 if ncolb=0 and wantq=false and wantp=false, max1,3×n-1 if ncolb=0 and wantq=false and wantp=true or ncolb>0 and wantp=false or wantq=true and wantp=false and max1,5×n-1 otherwise
rwork(n) contains the total number of iterations taken by the QR algorithm.
The rest of the array is used as workspace.
6:     ifail int64int32nag_int scalar
ifail=0 unless the function detects an error (see Error Indicators and Warnings).

Error Indicators and Warnings

Errors or warnings detected by the function:

Cases prefixed with W are classified as warnings and do not generate an error of type NAG:error_n. See nag_issue_warnings.

   ifail=-1
On entry,n<0,
orlda<n,
orncolb<0,
orldb<n and ncolb>0,
orldq<n and wantq=true
W  ifail>0
The QR algorithm has failed to converge in 50×n iterations. In this case sv1,sv2,,svifail may not have been found correctly and the remaining singular values may not be the smallest. The matrix R will nevertheless have been factorized as R=QEPH, where E is a bidiagonal matrix with sv1,sv2,,svn as the diagonal elements and rwork1,rwork2,,rworkn-1 as the superdiagonal elements.
This failure is not likely to occur.
   ifail=-99
An unexpected error has been triggered by this routine. Please contact NAG.
   ifail=-399
Your licence key may have expired or may not have been installed correctly.
   ifail=-999
Dynamic memory allocation failed.

Accuracy

The computed factors Q, S and P satisfy the relation
QSPH=A+E,  
where
Ecε A,  
ε is the machine precision, c is a modest function of n and . denotes the spectral (two) norm. Note that A=sv1.

Further Comments

For given values of ncolb, wantq and wantp, the number of floating-point operations required is approximately proportional to n3.
>Following the use of nag_eigen_complex_triang_svd (f02xu) the rank of R may be estimated as follows:
tol = eps;
irank = 1;
while (irank <= numel(sv) && sv(irank) >= tol*sv(1) )
  irank = irank + 1;
end
returns the value k in irank, where k is the smallest integer for which svk<tol×sv1, where tol is typically the machine precision, so that irank is an estimate of the rank of S and thus also of R.

Example

This example finds the singular value decomposition of the 3 by 3 upper triangular matrix
A = 1 1+i 1+i 0 -2i+ -1-i 0 0i+ -3i+  
together with the vector QHb for the vector
b= 1+1i -1i+0 -1+1i .  
function f02xu_example


fprintf('f02xu example results\n\n');

a = [ 1,       1 + 1i,  1 + 1i;
      0 + 0i, -2 + 0i, -1 - 1i;
      0 + 0i,  0 + 0i, -3 + 0i];
b = [ 1 + 1i; -1 + 0i; -1 + 1i];

wantq = true;
wantp = true;
[a, b, q, sv, rwork, ifail] = f02xu( ...
                                     a, b, wantq, wantp);

fprintf('Singular value decomposition of A\n\n');

disp('Singular values');
disp(sv');
disp('Left-hand singular vectors, by column');
disp(q);
disp('Right-hand singular vectors, by column');
disp(ctranspose(a));
disp('Vector Q^H*B');
disp(transpose(b));


f02xu example results

Singular value decomposition of A

Singular values
    3.9263    2.0000    0.7641

Left-hand singular vectors, by column
  -0.5005 + 0.0000i  -0.4529 + 0.0000i   0.7378 + 0.0000i
   0.5152 - 0.1514i   0.1132 - 0.5661i   0.4190 - 0.4502i
   0.4041 - 0.5457i   0.0000 + 0.6794i   0.2741 + 0.0468i

Right-hand singular vectors, by column
  -0.1275 + 0.0000i  -0.2265 + 0.0000i   0.9656 + 0.0000i
  -0.3899 + 0.2046i  -0.3397 + 0.7926i  -0.1311 + 0.2129i
  -0.5289 + 0.7142i  -0.0000 - 0.4529i  -0.0698 - 0.0119i

Vector Q^H*B
  -1.9656 - 0.7935i   0.1132 - 0.3397i   0.0915 + 0.6086i


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