NAG CL Interface
s13aac (integral_​exp)

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1 Purpose

s13aac returns the value of the exponential integral E1(x).

2 Specification

#include <nag.h>
double  s13aac (double x, NagError *fail)
The function may be called by the names: s13aac, nag_specfun_integral_exp or nag_exp_integral.

3 Description

s13aac calculates an approximate value for
E1 (x) = -Ei (-x) = x e-u u du .  
using Chebyshev expansions, where x is real. For x<0, the real part of the principal value of the integral is taken. The value E1 (0) is infinite, and so, when x=0 , s13aac exits with an error and returns the largest representable machine number.
For 0<x4,
E1(x)=y(t)-lnx=rarTr(t)-lnx,  
where t=12x-1.
For x>4,
E1(x)=e-xxy(t)=e-xxrarTr(t),  
where t=-1.0+14.5 (x+3.25) =11.25-x 3.25+x .
In both cases, -1t+1.
For x<0, the approximation is based on expansions proposed by Cody and Thatcher Jr. (1969). Precautions are taken to maintain good relative accuracy in the vicinity of x0-0.372507, which corresponds to a simple zero of Ei(-x).
s13aac guards against producing underflows and overflows by using the argument xhi , see the Users' Note for your implementation for the value of xhi . To guard against overflow, if x<- xhi the function terminates and returns the negative of the largest representable machine number. To guard against underflow, if x>xhi the result is set directly to zero.

4 References

NIST Digital Library of Mathematical Functions
Cody W J and Thatcher Jr. H C (1969) Rational Chebyshev approximations for the exponential integral Ei(x) Math. Comp. 23 289–303

5 Arguments

1: x double Input
On entry: the argument x of the function.
Constraint: -xhix<0.0 or x>0.0.
2: fail NagError * Input/Output
The NAG error argument (see Section 7 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface).

6 Error Indicators and Warnings

NE_ALLOC_FAIL
Dynamic memory allocation failed.
See Section 3.1.2 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface for further information.
NE_INTERNAL_ERROR
An internal error has occurred in this function. Check the function call and any array sizes. If the call is correct then please contact NAG for assistance.
See Section 7.5 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface for further information.
NE_NO_LICENCE
Your licence key may have expired or may not have been installed correctly.
See Section 8 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface for further information.
NE_REAL_ARG_LE
On entry, x=0.0 and the function is infinite.
On entry, x=value and the constant xhi=value. The evaluation has been abandoned due to the likelihood of overflow.
Constraint: x-xhi.

7 Accuracy

Unless stated otherwise, it is assumed that x>0.
If δ and ε are the relative errors in argument and result respectively, then in principle,
|ε| | e-x E1 (x) ×δ|  
so the relative error in the argument is amplified in the result by at least a factor e-x/E1(x). The equality should hold if δ is greater than the machine precision (δ due to data errors etc.) but if δ is simply a result of round-off in the machine representation, it is possible that an extra figure may be lost in internal calculation and round-off.
The behaviour of this amplification factor is shown in the following graph:
Figure s13aaf1_fig
Figure 1
It should be noted that, for absolutely small x, the amplification factor tends to zero and eventually the error in the result will be limited by machine precision.
For absolutely large x,
εxδ=Δ,  
the absolute error in the argument.
For x<0, empirical tests have shown that the maximum relative error is a loss of approximately 1 decimal place.

8 Parallelism and Performance

Background information to multithreading can be found in the Multithreading documentation.
s13aac is not threaded in any implementation.

9 Further Comments

None.

10 Example

The following program reads values of the argument x from a file, evaluates the function at each value of x and prints the results.

10.1 Program Text

Program Text (s13aace.c)

10.2 Program Data

Program Data (s13aace.d)

10.3 Program Results

Program Results (s13aace.r)
GnuplotProduced by GNUPLOT 5.4 patchlevel 6 −50 −40 −30 −20 −10 0 10 20 30 40 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 E1(x) x "s13aafe.r" Example Program Returned Values for the Exponential Integral E1(x)